{"entities":{"Q1040217":{"pageid":1042065,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1040217","lastrevid":69690237,"modified":"2026-04-13T08:44:33Z","type":"item","id":"Q1040217","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Ring elements as sums of units."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5637491"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$A626EA84-BCF5-4A1B-AA39-E9FB74F6E458","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"256206c2fa52b638d03089b79bf7ba977d0b0bf6","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Ring elements as sums of units.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$40FE588D-EF40-49D6-90DC-1AF3254BFB99","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"f62efe6f186b262c89fb298cede714d485c2a858","datavalue":{"value":"1185.16026","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$8FE2264C-F026-4EA3-A9F8-DDF423646269","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"725cdf09ca45d3f4f3acffc62689995545cb155d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":352743,"id":"Q352743"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$BB3889E6-EA44-4872-8E0A-A94B6E52B13A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8378267ffc0e1cd85fc49cb8e38071d758167272","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":254329,"id":"Q254329"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$713B9290-3ABA-40FE-A6F5-EA236F280449","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"fc7d268a183ade5451538ec2970855ed7396f2d7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":352702,"id":"Q352702"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$D72FD202-2324-4444-BAB1-1365E6A7E1DC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"bf7802724d6393d9480215271c847488d3a99586","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2009-11-24T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$B8C648B7-C6BA-49B6-AF51-36CC517221BC","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d11cf32fcea30bb30fa9386e1c3f2ff8091c9afb","datavalue":{"value":"The main results of the paper under review are the following:   Theorem 1.1. Let \\(R\\) be an Artinian ring. Then every element of \\(R\\) can be expressed as the sum of two units if and only if \\(R/J(R)\\) does not contain a summand isomorphic to \\(\\text{GF}(2)\\).   For a ring \\(R\\) let \\(\\Gamma(R)\\) be the graph defined on the elements of \\(R\\) with an edge between vertices \\(r\\) and \\(s\\) if and only if \\(r-s\\) is invertible. The graph \\(\\Gamma(R)\\) is actually the Cayley graph \\(\\text{Cay}(R,U(R))\\) of the Abelian group \\((R,+)\\) with respect to the set \\(U(R)\\) of invertible elements of \\(R\\).   Theorem 1.2. Let \\(R\\) be an Artinian ring with the property that \\(R/J(R)\\) has \\(k\\) summands isomorphic to \\(\\text{GF}(2)\\) for some positive integer \\(k\\). (1) Then \\(\\Gamma(R)\\) contains \\(2^{k-1}\\) connected components each of which is a bipartite graph. (2) There exist mutually orthogonal idempotents \\(e_1,\\dots,e_k\\) in \\(R\\) such that for every element \\(r\\) in \\(R\\) there exist \\(\\varepsilon_1,\\dots,\\varepsilon_k\\in\\{0,1\\}\\) and units \\(u\\) and \\(v\\) in \\(R\\) so that \\(r=\\varepsilon_1e_1+\\cdots+\\varepsilon_ke_k+u+v\\).   Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 enable the authors to give a complete ring theoretic description of those finite rings \\(R\\) for which \\(\\Gamma(R)\\) is Hamiltonian.   Corollary 1.1. Let \\(R\\) be a finite ring with at least three elements. Then the graph \\(\\Gamma(R)\\) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if and only if \\(R/J(R)\\) contains at most one summand isomorphic to \\(\\text{GF}(2)\\).   The authors end the paper by proving the following probabilistic result.   Corollary 1.2. Let \\(R\\) be a finite ring. Then either \\(P_X=0\\) for some non-empty subset \\(X\\) of \\(R\\), or \\(1/(3|R|)<P_X\\) for every non-empty proper subset \\(X\\) of \\(R\\); where for a non-empty proper subset \\(X\\) of a finite ring \\(R\\), \\(P_X\\) is the probability that \\(r-s\\) is a unit where \\(r\\) is chosen uniformly at random from \\(X\\) and \\(s\\) is chosen uniformly at random from \\(R\\setminus X\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$23EAE798-01F6-4A74-9EFE-F31AFF9BC5D1","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"ebb96cb004791185508e9f447d258889ef519c78","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":193089,"id":"Q193089"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$182DC792-F54E-4701-B3CA-89E3C8B10744","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"fbed94fe528d0c9183f719d262c3e5ada59e8177","datavalue":{"value":"16P20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$0E128787-9D08-4210-8CF9-D7A6BC823AA3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d7281f47281be7939b8011fb35d11c8347c2b6e5","datavalue":{"value":"16U60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$65714D0B-8F5E-459C-ADCC-1453278892E8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"46cc6f74904d93d783c1cf8007a9494ea0b980f2","datavalue":{"value":"16P10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$218DC913-E291-4D43-939D-590A6D7D1AB4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"74e7832a915a62c417a3bf8c026eff5989fd94d3","datavalue":{"value":"05C25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$70E5D45A-55B3-4F3B-B553-39D30302730C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"eef1b49f4a66afb755b22d7419db9d61ba07415f","datavalue":{"value":"05C45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$67630891-1A41-4521-B5EF-0EE77F38EFEB","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"0003941e983e76d5101da1a9ba062ab668144d32","datavalue":{"value":"5637491","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$0159C62A-48F3-4A08-B8E0-50F831A735F3","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f67ffaca2d4b05438808ad986267b6814f61b747","datavalue":{"value":"Artinian rings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$439B1506-0881-4EE2-9902-F9633FD18419","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"53741e6c3266e4d5a76dd0fcf1321584d09efe14","datavalue":{"value":"sums of units","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$F5F37C4D-5338-4420-A4DD-B101D8B527C9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"862b3f9bd3562fb19afcb46cb40fc8fc3f64ed24","datavalue":{"value":"Hamiltonian cycles","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$F2270C65-59EF-4D95-9188-6508F4FAF7A3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ee8e8704ceed059c5cd6c37aa19c44660e03b735","datavalue":{"value":"finite rings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$3CAAF006-D53D-4D3A-83EB-97998EFA9C15","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$B2C2B889-DAA8-4D80-8841-5FCF48C25E9C","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"313e07821047e7475ea3aab304a4c345ff1d4bfb","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.2478/s11533-009-0024-5","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$D2DD2AC0-5D2E-4757-89F4-92B95B0D8ED6","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"1955317cc5b0b4f1f1b0f14b18ffe795d0e889c6","datavalue":{"value":"W2054339287","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$1496F78B-F80B-4AF9-B41F-CDADE2956C2A","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e68159d4a826a1d613524f5392210af830d1aa35","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3236717,"id":"Q3236717"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$E5FAF679-EB48-449F-AD79-EE5B55DFD2CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ac0ec4868dba1b37d1adb8bb9f6a23d6c0a862f5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3880849,"id":"Q3880849"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$43098F2D-48B7-48F2-93B5-9CAC90EA5EFC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"591ba897b3f6e276fc7c8052d919e6e491e6fc50","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3656359,"id":"Q3656359"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$E85F50AF-E511-4430-8764-B89354C02ABA","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"fdd528142abca26362b8dea6db9886f5b8cdd10f","datavalue":{"value":"10.2478/S11533-009-0024-5","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$18EF5EEC-35D1-4F12-BB93-940278578D5A","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d6971af950226e34be5dd5cfda3c9bac89bd244d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2250819,"id":"Q2250819"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b559120684906556ca2414ad80ce82a6ef58fa75","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.875036895275116","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1040217$64EBEA4A-4C4F-4DC8-8368-C805FED5E7EE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4fe533223d8022e39b9321787d42776fd0912349","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1984188,"id":"Q1984188"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b50919db22cdedf33356633058e75d969b666cf2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7972049117088318","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1040217$ACAFFAB0-286E-4F27-9BE0-9FE64CA01892","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a99b9082a13c6a23520f4011cea8b3e85c46e5ba","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4956430,"id":"Q4956430"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"957641f61adf20249384c36476f509ce8eff7c42","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7879883050918579","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1040217$D84B770A-8F3F-4261-9E80-EF67CA1BE6CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5cbf71183ed8b1adf4d0f8c04c7a9d91a515c5de","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5376485,"id":"Q5376485"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8fcd86ec82ca49486edc1e47100419db604d0f29","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7876484990119934","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1040217$FB5AEF0F-1B18-4EB0-9C6C-58795AABA347","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"24ebe386ca5ad7bcbeba38bf544bc1acd9d6c700","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4987170,"id":"Q4987170"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"676e3023e12e019cf26c2255cac45edc09b5ad2e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.784551203250885","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1040217$0BEF3D5F-36C1-4656-B698-1E4D225C0B87","rank":"normal"}],"P163":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P163","hash":"6e2260e47a2889770c9d5516a7c5ae827b188d2b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6830563,"id":"Q6830563"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1040217$F367295F-EC91-4390-ADD9-4B48730829DA","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Ring elements as sums of units.","badges":[]}}}}}