{"entities":{"Q1058498":{"pageid":1060346,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1058498","lastrevid":66159294,"modified":"2026-04-12T07:56:53Z","type":"item","id":"Q1058498","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Discretization of continuous linear dynamic systems. Analysis of the methods"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3900642"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$38CD99AB-DD4F-47FB-994B-3E3C32AEBFD7","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"1bc7b58fc898bb4e463abd1a58909bf7f5910536","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Discretization of continuous linear dynamic systems. Analysis of the methods","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$A752A295-1E31-497A-ADF5-F9A87D40B2FB","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"de06671ea5da9dcb63666f791192822a3e04a766","datavalue":{"value":"0564.93050","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$2DB7352A-5E9C-49D1-A49D-A642D760FE69","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"595f0d5aaaeae04448164e45ae71d04eb7920df4","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0167-6911(84)90016-1","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$81A5CA8E-0DB2-4CA5-A4A9-3FB060B5B141","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"75b24748c300ea0825b0850369fc2d5a6db78a12","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":276750,"id":"Q276750"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$73EDA26E-A2B5-4E78-B46B-9FF4ECBD789C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"b1ed7a090d8f1d0a3795177bace50e8f939f7c97","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":196914,"id":"Q196914"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$D9846D4B-BB4D-473B-8706-9B2422AD34FA","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2ee0f220147ae8bc749a64db56839865dbc4f127","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1984-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$20CF1876-1BBA-4A35-B498-89C608D67319","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"cfb6d9eb78d9cf41340c8616edeb26bc76f531fd","datavalue":{"value":"The systems  \\[  (1)\\quad dx(t)/dt=Px(t)+Qu(t),\\quad y(t)=Rx(t),\\quad t\\in [0,\\infty),  \\]   \\[  (2)\\quad x_{k+1}=Ax_ k+Bu_ k,\\quad y_ k=Cx_ k,\\quad k=0,1,...  \\]  are considered. Here u(t), y(t), \\(u_ k\\), \\(y^ k\\) are scalar, x(t), \\(x_ k\\) are n-vectors, all matrices are constant. System (2) is a simplified model of system (1). It is obtained from (1) by one of the standard discretization methods: the method of standard z- transform (ST) the matched z-transform (MT), the methods of piecewise constant or constant ramp approximation of input (PCA or CRA respectively). If ST is applied, then \\(A=\\exp (dP)\\), \\(C=R\\), \\(B=Q\\), and for PCA \\(A=\\exp (dP)\\), \\(C=R\\), \\(B=P^{-1}(A-I)Q\\), where I is a unit matrix and d is the sampling period. Analogous formulae are also valid for CRA. Let \\(W(\\lambda)=R(\\lambda I-P)^{-1}Q=r(\\lambda -\\mu_ 1)...(\\lambda -\\mu_ m)(\\lambda -\\lambda_ 1)^{-1}...(\\lambda - \\lambda_ n)^{-1}\\) and \\(\\chi (\\lambda)=C(\\lambda I-A)^{-1}B\\) be the transfer functions of systems (1), (2) respectively. Define the standard polynomials \\(\\gamma_ 0(\\lambda)=1\\), \\(\\gamma_{\\ell}(\\lambda)=\\gamma_{1,\\ell}\\lambda^{\\ell - 1}+\\gamma_{2,\\ell}\\lambda^{\\ell -2}+...+\\gamma_{\\ell,\\ell},\\) where \\(\\ell =1,2,... \\),  \\[  \\gamma_{j,\\ell}=(1/\\ell !)\\sum^{j}_{i=1}(- 1)^{i+1}C^{i-1}_{j+1}(j+1-i)^{\\ell}  \\]  and \\(C^ M_ N\\) are binomial coefficients. Denote the zeros of W(\\(\\lambda)\\) by \\(\\mu_ 1,\\mu_ 2,...,\\mu_ m\\). Then the zeros of \\(\\chi\\) (\\(\\lambda)\\) may be divided into two groups: m zeros have a form of \\(\\exp (d\\mu_ j(d))\\), where \\(\\mu_ j(d)\\to \\mu_ j\\) as \\(d\\to 0\\), and other zeros tend to the roots of the standard polynomial \\(\\gamma_{\\ell}(\\lambda)\\). Here \\(\\ell =n-m-1\\) for the ST method, \\(\\ell =n-m\\) for PCA and \\(\\ell =n-m+1\\) for CRA. Therefore, in case \\(\\ell =0\\) or 1 the polynomial \\(\\gamma_{\\ell}(\\lambda)\\equiv 1\\) and the used method coincide asymptotically with the MT-method.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$76B66058-D621-420B-A39D-482DA3B13A6E","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"8b511cf10681bc80a8271a01021c55025ad98aeb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178395,"id":"Q178395"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$FD3B3A36-E520-4D94-85A2-D205756768AE","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7cb63175a2479dd33d5406fc60dcfdfa53b1ef2a","datavalue":{"value":"93C99","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$95703F8C-4ABF-4F16-AC90-920A031D9C6B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"dbba85562facd3e546df50a87515dddbb3dae27e","datavalue":{"value":"93C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$929520D0-55AC-40A6-84DF-48237A270254","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"18457c8394a4b6201dcccd409d083d717a8c4e70","datavalue":{"value":"93C57","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$9CCEE085-CAEE-41D3-B04F-F9818702FA67","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"39a0025ac480893a6c3723330b06364463bbd01f","datavalue":{"value":"93C55","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$150DFC07-020D-4156-8B42-7BC09A9AA08E","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f1fdd87b36ee4a8754381416980dfcd464e48080","datavalue":{"value":"3900642","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$7C796E4C-7A64-4FBA-AFA4-3C799A66613C","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e0a1864ca0d237847813dca5b1f5ea470fc8b5a0","datavalue":{"value":"discretization","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$F6C51777-BDE7-4F6D-8177-CFBEC1EF7182","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"283792be7e364ba9c8d082cdbeb853fedf14da6a","datavalue":{"value":"z-transform","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$3214CE08-0B01-4CD6-A09D-12EBE6035837","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"bd5cd5ab8725004a1d659cd4eb4b1d6595c6a984","datavalue":{"value":"transfer functions","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$FC5C861D-C9E4-4CF6-B620-3CF0FFA05453","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$0686AC1C-31CE-40D9-9327-E12A8BE46697","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"c6c6b27550ef45fd6caedcc649ab129a8d071903","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6911(84)90016-1","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$BF116D89-ABEE-4026-BEB4-00129608F45D","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"5e9a6cdccd4b12d78233d384f1eec92501d0dc7f","datavalue":{"value":"W1974567257","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$93A33AA9-90A7-4E17-BF2A-725D4C0EDCBE","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f72a76db5a3c01964ce2e3d08f23aa9f07c8dc0f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3674452,"id":"Q3674452"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$5FE73999-6964-4909-86EC-0F57C8419DDF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4dd8190a4287fc8d7dfff3fc4890aff5d6f0afc7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4146660,"id":"Q4146660"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$29CFDD5F-F4C7-4EF1-A783-A19596C46EE9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8f11fa3c9225fd3b53d3402b66cbe4c85a09e72f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3525854,"id":"Q3525854"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1058498$A9F433EC-E64A-4927-88DC-73E678903974","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"70696f7214721049502f09d8ea74945a5a2e40e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4433413,"id":"Q4433413"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2cf5f317dfa137bc501e3e11f809bcb09e89442b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7817583680152893","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1058498$692A5D62-5458-4054-B67E-07EF8F515B78","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7ceed21f0bdedc38584bce34ca82430551ccfaaf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4841535,"id":"Q4841535"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3bb8c2e002c476e23837e5d2fb4a6a2842c4025f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7766589522361755","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1058498$D01483B2-F65C-4840-B63A-1516A7D3E828","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"eb81fa3cca21c80e88988a02058f6eed14ba0ddc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4822444,"id":"Q4822444"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5692a94c9dced0872e7c2eb68148bce24297dbe1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7724937796592712","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1058498$6F8A7BDE-7DFD-4D80-844C-857CD9F94540","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9fef7d7945e7764cf448b29bea9cf1a4afe56ee1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4036070,"id":"Q4036070"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f41c52dba71c2060441911ab994b6cc252854c30","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7681336402893066","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1058498$0DE92FB9-854C-4BDD-882B-C63D10D83D4D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fa2463a8172c6fac15e33016453852a3811b3551","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1114641,"id":"Q1114641"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"abc767bbaf877efa831e6c5a9bbb5a20e8765a5d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7630963325500488","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1058498$BF22F40E-C38D-40A5-882C-85EEB39C5DF3","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Discretization of continuous linear dynamic systems. Analysis of the methods","badges":[]}}}}}