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Diese Methoden und Vorstellungen entstammen zum gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil der Fehlertheorie als einem Teilgebiet der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. Anders aber als in der Fehlertheorie, in der man von mit Fehlern behafteten Me\u00dfgr\u00f6\u00dfen ausgehend einen richtigen oder wahren Wert m\u00f6glichst gut anzun\u00e4hern versucht, hat man es in der kinetischen Gastheorie mit Populationen von Molek\u00fclen zu tun, die sich z.B. mit sehr verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten bewegen, ohne da\u00df Abweichungen dieser Geschwindigkeiten von einem wie immer gearteten Mittelwert als Fehler angesehen werden k\u00f6nnten. Dieser \u00dcbergang zu Populationen von gleichberechtigten Elementen, die bez\u00fcglich eines oder mehrerer Merkmale verschiedene Verteilungen aufweisen, berechtigt erst dazu, von statistischen Methoden zu sprechen.    Dem Verf. sind die historischen Bedingungen, die einen solchen \u00dcbergang erm\u00f6glichten, nicht nur weitgehend gleichg\u00fcltig, sondern er meint, Autoren wie \\textit{Th. S. Porter} [A statistical survey of gases: Maxwell's social physics, Historical studies in the physical sciences 12, 77-116 (1981)] nicht zitieren zu m\u00fcssen. Das Auftreten solcher Defizite ist nicht zuf\u00e4llig. Allein verbindlich f\u00fcr den Verf. ist ein in Lehrb\u00fcchern von heute kodifiziertes Wissen \u00fcber stochastische Methoden, f\u00fcr das es nun herauszufinden gilt, wer/wann/welchen Beitrag geleistet hat. Dieses einzige Ziel wird in einer Art von Wettbewerb verfolgt, in dem festgelegt wird, wer den gr\u00f6\u00dften Brocken f\u00fcr die vorweg bekannten Helden reklamieren darf. Kein Wunder, da\u00df der vorliegende Artikel kein Erfolgserlebnis f\u00fcr seinen Autor darstellt; vor einem solchen Hintergrund k\u00f6nnen Clausius, Maxwell und Boltzmann nicht als Helden stilisiert werden. Sie bekommen \u00fcberwiegend schlechte Noten wegen unstatistischen Betragens.    So wird (S. 355) Boltzmann eine nur ''st\u00fcmperhafte Auffassung'' bez\u00fcglich der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate attestiert, obwohl das daf\u00fcr angezogene Zitat zeigt, da\u00df Boltzmann nur die Auffassung des f\u00fcr den Verf. offenbar uninteressanten \\textit{G. Hagen}, des Autors der bekannten ''Grundz\u00fcge der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung'' (1. Auflage 1837, 3. Auflage 1882) wiedergibt. Dementsprechend gibt es diesmal auch nur ganz wenige Bonbons f\u00fcr die Sheynin-Fans. Das sch\u00f6nste zum Schlu\u00df (S. 360): ''Jedenfalls, Maxwell leitete die \\(\\chi^ 2\\)-Verteilung f\u00fcr drei Freiheitsgrade ab.'' Dieses knappe ''jedenfalls'' steht f\u00fcr den gesamten historischen Hintergrund; genaue bibliographische Angaben oder gar der Versuch, die Funktion dieser Ableitung zu kl\u00e4ren, erscheinen dem Verf. \u00fcberfl\u00fcssig. Typisch f\u00fcr das Dilemma all derjenigen, die Mathematikgeschichte mit einem Forum zur ausschlie\u00dflichen Kl\u00e4rung von Priorit\u00e4tsfragen verwechseln, folgt dieser Feststellung das Bekenntnis, da\u00df dem Verf. das Auftreten der \\(\\chi^ 2\\)-Verteilung bei Maxwell 1971 noch nicht bekannt 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