{"entities":{"Q1073076":{"pageid":1083828,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1073076","lastrevid":48913417,"modified":"2026-01-06T04:14:09Z","type":"item","id":"Q1073076","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A character sum evaluation and Gaussian hypergeometric series"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3943934"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$00A9486E-D534-40E4-B09E-D5B302626D8E","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"92585abdb238d5a93bdd15979d8244b4dc736dda","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A character sum evaluation and Gaussian hypergeometric series","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$DEF5C84F-C2BC-4524-8E95-CB778FD0E4E3","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"f4884ca2ae12e41c66b74c41c22d23b2886c3a7a","datavalue":{"value":"0588.10038","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$3F5DE203-3963-4D0C-BA43-1207987F3ECD","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"252ef8b8e8c8ca0be943c015b8ea94dbf4e21730","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0022-314X(86)90009-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$F0694B0D-F837-4249-9B10-A539C1DB5B3B","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"83acb26c132edffe3503227fdedd09777c685939","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1060191,"id":"Q1060191"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$1A2A236E-CBAC-4E89-BB3C-769227764F18","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"e6cac328d206d9ef9b7afb3fb4ca5d1d204199af","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":167107,"id":"Q167107"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$A77BF4FB-6834-404F-A34C-4854DB12577F","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"63df7153432d81fa42019fcabb076c89649b0b5b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1986-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$9A619E08-AA37-420F-987A-F0050C7F6C8A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"9aab4578ab0d973525a2b06e64e4a8cb17a172a2","datavalue":{"value":"For \\(p\\) an odd prime, the finite field with \\(p\\) elements is denoted by \\(\\text{GF}(p)\\). The quadratic residue character on \\(\\text{GF}(p)\\) is given by \\(\\Phi (x)=1\\), if \\(0\\neq x\\in \\text{GF}(p)\\) is a square, \\(\\Phi (x)=-1\\), if \\(0\\neq x\\in \\text{GF}(p)\\) is not a square, \\(\\Phi (x)=0\\), if \\(x=0.\\)     In this beautiful paper, the authors use the idea of a Gaussian hypergeometric series to prove the following conjecture of Evans [\\textit{R. J. Evans}, \\textit{J. R. Pulham} and \\textit{J. Sheehan}, J. Comb. Theory, Ser. B 30, 364--371 (1981; Zbl 0475.05049)]:  \\[  \\sum_{x,y\\in \\text{GF}(p)}\\Phi (1+x)\\, \\Phi (1+y)\\, \\Phi (x)\\, \\Phi (y)\\, \\Phi (x+y)= \\begin{cases} \\Phi (2)(4c^ 2-p),\\quad &\\text{if }p\\equiv 1\\text{ or } 3 \\pmod 8, \\\\ -p \\Phi (2),\\quad&\\text{if }p\\equiv 5 \\text{ or }7 \\pmod 8, \\end{cases}  \\]  where \\(p=c^ 2 + 2d^ 2\\) uniquely for \\(p\\equiv 1\\) or \\(3\\pmod 8\\). For multiplicative characters \\(A\\), \\(B\\), \\(C\\), \\(D\\), and \\(E\\) of \\(\\text{GF}(p)\\) and \\(x\\in \\text{GF}(p)\\), the authors define the Gaussian hypergeometric series \\({}_ 3F_ 2\\left(\\begin{matrix} A,B,C\\\\ D,E\\end{matrix}| x\\right)\\) by   \\[  _ 3F_ 2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} A,B,C\\\\ D,E\\end{matrix}| x\\right) = (p/(p- 1))\\sum_{\\chi} \\binom{A\\chi}\\chi \\binom{B\\chi}{D\\chi} \\binom{C\\chi}{E\\chi} \\chi (x),  \\]   where the sum is taken over all multiplicative characters \\(\\chi\\) of \\(\\text{GF}(p)\\) and \\(\\binom{A\\chi}\\chi\\), \\(\\binom{B\\chi}{D\\chi}\\), \\(\\binom{C\\chi}{E\\chi}\\) are generalized binomial coefficients. They prove, for \\(0\\neq t\\in \\text{GF}(p)\\), that   \\[  \\sum_{x,y\\in \\text{GF}(p)} A(1+x) B(1+y) C(x+ty) D(x) E(y) = p^2 BCDE(-1) {}_3F_2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} \\overline C,\\;\\overline{ACD},\\;E \\\\ \\overline{CD},\\;BE \\end{matrix}|-t\\right),  \\]   and so Evans' conjecture is equivalent to an evaluation of  \\[  {}_3 F_2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} \\Phi,\\;\\Phi,\\;\\Phi\\\\ \\varepsilon,\\;\\varepsilon \\end{matrix} |-1\\right),  \\]   where \\(\\varepsilon\\) denotes the trivial multiplicative character. The value of this quantity follows by taking \\(u=\\frac12\\) in the formula   \\[  \\Phi ((1-u)/u) {}_3F_2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} \\Phi,\\;\\Phi,\\;\\Phi \\\\ \\varepsilon,\\;\\varepsilon \\end{matrix} |\\frac u{u-1}\\right) = \\Phi (u) f(u)^2 + \\frac{2\\Phi(-1)}{p} f(u) - \\frac{p-1}{p^2}\\Phi (u) + \\frac{p-1}{p^ 2}\\delta (1-u),  \\]   where \\(\\delta (x)=0\\), if \\(0\\neq x\\in \\text{GF}(p)\\), or \\(=1\\), if \\(x=0\\), and   \\[  f(x) = \\frac{p}{p-1} \\sum_{\\chi} \\binom{\\Phi\\chi^2}\\chi \\binom{\\Phi\\chi}\\chi \\chi \\left(\\frac x4 \\right).  \\]  This formula is the Gaussian analogue of a formula involving the classical hypergeometric series   \\[  {}_3F_2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} 1/2,\\;1/2,\\;1/2 \\\\ 1,\\;1\\end{matrix} | x\\right) \\text{ and } {}_2F_1 \\left(\\begin{matrix} 1/4,\\;3/4 \\\\ 1\\end{matrix} | \\frac x{x-1}\\right).  \\]   The evaluation   \\[  {}_3F_2 \\left(\\begin{matrix} \\Phi,\\;\\Phi,\\;\\Phi \\\\ \\varepsilon,\\;\\varepsilon \\end{matrix} |-1 \\right) = \\Phi(2)A^2 + 2\\Phi(-1)Ap^p{-1} - \\Phi (2)(p-1)p^{-2}  \\]   follows, where \\(A=f(\\,)\\). It is then shown by elementary considerations that   \\[  A = (1/p) \\sum_{y\\in \\text{GF}(p)} \\Phi(1-y) \\Phi(1-2y^ 2) - \\Phi(-2)/p,  \\]   and since it is known that   \\[  \\sum_{y\\in \\text{GF}(p)} \\Phi(1-y) \\Phi(1-2y^ 2) = \\begin{cases} 0,\\quad &\\text{if }p\\equiv 5\\text{ or }7\\pmod 8,\\\\ \\pm2c,\\quad &\\text{if }p\\equiv 1\\text{ or }3\\pmod 8, \\end{cases}  \\]  Evans' conjecture is proved.     The authors are to be congratulated on their new technique for character sum evaluation. Hopefully their method will lead to the evaluation of other character sums.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$B6E7926A-A868-47D1-BDA5-72EEB948FA88","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6ad3000e766f35ee7c20ebe1be8367e129650e33","datavalue":{"value":"11L05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$7082E0F4-59E2-49C1-BE35-B6978839E712","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"39ab029ef1ffc0108491685a9e1c1f5aa3d57a73","datavalue":{"value":"11T24","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$B020EF8D-70F6-4F0B-B4D7-B0BDF386B66F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"66c5e126e77da3f40558cf621d2ab9aa4679bb8b","datavalue":{"value":"33C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$57A70525-F91A-4463-9600-5AF75B5BD4D8","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f69a5e70c7c5919bea881c1555f7458dfd87c338","datavalue":{"value":"3943934","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$8C698268-96EF-4BE3-82F7-C3A23496363E","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a3711b386902559bb22bf67091b7eca92012716a","datavalue":{"value":"finite field","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$157785F5-1776-47D9-A910-7B8DF9545F9A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"72543460dd6f1d74775fd086791d161452e9a606","datavalue":{"value":"Gaussian hypergeometric series","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$0683353E-F130-41D3-938D-48ADB5033B38","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9b34ab98dea5dc49fff94eea6cd2295315452ada","datavalue":{"value":"new technique for character sum evaluation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$74E9998E-0876-40F3-BE05-A9BCAEE23916","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"02d972a528391e0ffeed92f9311f27dd89671db7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168832,"id":"Q168832"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$28C7E4E4-56D9-4A37-A365-2FC755F2ED11","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$90AE69FC-737F-4DFA-97CE-A1278EF5D729","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"54f5bb626756bfa336b88cf5f316535105c3ab99","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1260127,"id":"Q1260127"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$6E436840-EAAD-44FD-B03A-00B6E60C44DE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"13621550c6cb670f2e23ca51c2a0ec08c785dc6b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1252386,"id":"Q1252386"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$54FEAE9A-C0FA-4ECA-AF1A-A30BA541D1C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"bf642f27a5e151d87048789170324d5bd920c44e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5820721,"id":"Q5820721"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$CDE75D02-96AD-47C7-8928-C5F0716F6924","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b109045aef76a5ff10cb8d30793274e1e334d71f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1167215,"id":"Q1167215"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$EC318E82-48D6-42B0-A329-F0D61F1256A2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"84d79ec186906402631eb2352fb9ac0fb24ecd40","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1159691,"id":"Q1159691"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$4E5DE77B-CBB4-4E6A-9F5F-2B262D0D1B71","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fa94a50acf990b0ca97633b0cd59258ebecb88fe","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3946422,"id":"Q3946422"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$ECC6D945-A0EF-4CD6-9F53-F2D81C3D2C8E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"97f6a3fcbd7a395d44aa5929af88fda2d3af8ced","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5661948,"id":"Q5661948"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$082E6645-D1FD-4A97-B1DF-5521EEEC8089","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0813dbaf39bbca85e49b13c9f3ec38162f872f1d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4748270,"id":"Q4748270"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$2BCA7314-DC4D-412E-AFBC-77E534BCF3BF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"53d7a473962a94321ea4e3b6f5e9469c0e71f5e2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3661688,"id":"Q3661688"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$6B238905-5B48-41F6-8B84-A89BBE54FD31","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9555fbf47e5d4c71cb6a561ffd1f19d36a445bc1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5559333,"id":"Q5559333"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1073076$C48B1977-966D-4A06-A145-0FC6AF75120F","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a7879313b201d9849c7954156846db5de3f591f3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4382961,"id":"Q4382961"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6d8121d9788294b1f320de0a94a5b94979524035","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8238981366157532","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1073076$30A73129-B62D-469F-9EEB-68DE2685B720","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b258a9f992aa59537643b01b55f9ba057d94c247","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5111932,"id":"Q5111932"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b84b22f1d543a21eccae2b2b60d813415b7eb3fb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8205901384353638","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1073076$F5F246F9-DDA8-46EC-971F-5227C4C34EB8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fad98cc66a2c2fc3509593db47a0d3a7d616e2aa","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2660590,"id":"Q2660590"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9eb460c4c01ac81dea404d504d44400ed0253fb2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8152396082878113","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1073076$A07F834A-68D8-4D3D-861E-92BD17BFC2ED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a1f33d21ec27a2141489f0a0d4cecf7e7012cb01","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1639733,"id":"Q1639733"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4abd65706024b418b63c51e58fab1e78522967a8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8141297101974487","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1073076$7C35CB94-45CB-42C7-BA7A-D041A0E60181","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"526bf87700bd2466161473dbb7f969afb556838e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2833089,"id":"Q2833089"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"25c8345de896c7894cf6c1140a88349d3eadb63d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8022218942642212","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1073076$FE0901B1-6A1C-4BBD-9731-1786374AD2DB","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1073076","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1073076"}}}}}