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Further, denote by \\(K_ n/K\\) the intermediate field of degree \\(p^ n\\) in \\(K_{\\infty}/K\\), by \\(R_ n\\) the ring of integers of \\(K_ n\\) and by \\(G_ n\\) the Galois group of \\(K_ n/K\\), \\(Gal(K_ n/K)\\). Let \\({\\mathcal G}/R\\) denote a smooth connected commutative formal R-group of finite dimension d. The main subject matter of this paper is the determination of the norm subgroup \\(N{\\mathcal G}(R):=\\cap_{n\\geq 0}Norm_{K_ n/K}{\\mathcal G}(R_ n)\\subseteq {\\mathcal G}(R).\\)    First it is proved that any commutative formal Lie group \\({\\mathcal G}\\) over R has a maximal closed subgroup, \\({\\mathcal G}^{mult}\\), such that (a) \\({\\mathcal G}^{mult}\\) is a commutative formal Lie group of multiplicative type, i.e., \\({\\mathcal G}_ k^{mult}\\cong ({\\hat {\\mathbb{G}}}_{m/{\\bar \\kappa}})^ d\\) (\\({\\bar \\kappa}=\\) the algebraic closure of \\(\\kappa)\\), and (b) \\({\\mathcal G}/{\\mathcal G}^{mult}\\) exists, and is coconnected, i.e., its Cartier dual is connected. This is proved using the theory of Cartier duality. For any commutative formal Lie group \\({\\mathcal G}\\) over R, let \\({\\mathcal G}^ D\\) denote its Cartier dual, (\\({\\mathcal G}^ D)^ 0\\) the ''connected component'' of (\\({\\mathcal G}^ D)\\), and put \\({}^ 0{\\mathcal G}:=(({\\mathcal G}^ D)^ 0)^ D\\). Then it is shown that for any pro- finite R-algebra S, the sequence \\(0\\to {\\mathcal G}^{mult}(S)\\to {\\mathcal G}(S)\\to^ 0{\\mathcal G}(S)\\to 0\\) is exact.    The main result computes the rank of \\(N{\\mathcal G}(R)\\). - Theorem:    (i) \\(\\text{rank}_{{\\mathbb{Z}}_ p} {\\mathcal G}(R)/N{\\mathcal G}(R)= \\dim^ 0{\\mathcal G}\\cdot [K: {\\mathbb{Q}}_ p]+ \\text{rank}_{{\\mathbb{Z}}_ p}({\\mathcal G}^{mult})^ D(\\kappa).\\)    (ii) If \\({\\mathcal G}^{mult}=0\\), then \\(N{\\mathcal G}(R)=0.\\)    This theorem has several important applications, the main of which are listed in the following:    Application 1. Let \\(A_{/K}\\) be an abelian variety with good reduction. Then \\(\\text{rank}_{{\\mathbb{Z}}_ p} A(K)/NA(K)=(\\dim A-r)\\cdot [K: {\\mathbb{Q}}_ p]\\) where r= the p-rank of the reduction of A.    Application 2. Let \\({\\mathfrak G}_{/R}\\) be an arbitrary p-divisible group over R, and let \\(H^ 2_.(R_{\\infty},{\\mathfrak G})\\) be the relative flat cohomology group, which is a discrete \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p[[ \\Gamma ]]\\)-module. Then \\((a)\\quad H^ 2_.(R_{\\infty},{\\mathfrak G})=H_.^ 2(R_{\\infty},{\\mathfrak G}^{et})\\) where \\({\\mathfrak G}^{et}:={\\mathfrak G}/{\\mathfrak G}^ 0\\), and \\((b)\\) the Pontryagin dual \\(H_.^ 2(R_{\\infty},{\\mathfrak G})^*\\) is a finitely generated \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p[[ \\Gamma ]]\\)-module of rank equal to (height of \\({\\mathfrak G}^{et})\\cdot [K: {\\mathbb{Q}}_ p].\\)- In particular, for any connected finite flat commutative R-group scheme G, \\(H_.^ i(R_{\\infty},G)=0\\) for \\(i\\geq 0.\\)    These local results are then used to obtain some global information on abelian varieties over a number field. Let k/\\({\\mathbb{Q}}\\) be a number field with ring of integers \\({\\mathfrak o}\\). For an odd prime p, \\(k_{\\infty}/k\\) denotes a \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p\\)-extension with ring of integers \\({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty}\\), and \\(\\Gamma:=Gal(k_{\\infty}/k)\\), and \\(\\Sigma\\) denotes the finite set of primes of k which are ramified in \\(k_{\\infty}/k\\). Let \\(A_{/k}\\) be an abelian variety defined over k, which is assumed to have good reduction at all primes of k over p. Let \\({\\mathcal A}_{/{\\mathfrak o}}\\) be the N\u00e9ron model of \\(A_{/k}\\) and \\({\\mathcal A}(p)\\) be the p-primary torsion in \\({\\mathcal A}.\\)    The global flat cohomology groups \\(H^ i({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))\\) \\((i=1,2)\\) are known to have finite \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p[[ \\Gamma ]]\\)-corank, that is, \\(\\rho = \\text{rank}_{{\\mathbb{Z}}_ p[[ \\Gamma ]]} H^ 1({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))^*<\\infty\\), \\(\\rho'=\\text{rank}_{{\\mathbb{Z}}_ p[[ \\Gamma ]]} H^ 2({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))^*< \\infty\\), where \\(H^ i({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))^*\\) denotes the Pontryagin dual of \\(H^ i({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))\\) for \\(i=1,2\\). The computation of \\(\\rho\\) is discussed; indeed, the results of the author's earlier paper [Invent. Math. 79, 329-374 (1985; Zbl 0571.14021)] are reproved removing the additional assumptions imposed in the earlier paper.    Application 3. For \\({\\mathfrak p}\\in \\Sigma\\), let \\(k_{{\\mathfrak p}}\\) be the completion of k at \\({\\mathfrak p}\\), and put \\(r_{{\\mathfrak p}}:=\\) p-rank of the reduction of A at \\({\\mathfrak p}.\\) Then the following assertions hold true. \\((a)\\quad \\rho =\\rho'+ \\sum_{{\\mathfrak p}\\in \\Sigma}(\\dim A-r_{{\\mathfrak p}})\\cdot [k_{{\\mathfrak p}}: {\\mathbb{Q}}_ p].\\)\\ (b) If \\(A(k)\\) and the p- component of the Tate-Shafarevich group of \\(A_{/k}\\) are finite, then \\(\\rho '=0\\) and \\(\\rho =\\sum_{{\\mathfrak p}\\in \\Sigma}(\\dim A-r_{{\\mathfrak p}})\\cdot [k_{{\\mathfrak p}}: {\\mathbb{Q}}_ p].\\)    Application 4. Let \\({\\mathfrak o}'_{\\infty}\\) be the ring of p-integers in the cyclotomic \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p\\)-extension of k. If \\(r_{{\\mathfrak p}}=0\\) for \\({\\mathfrak p} | p\\) and if \\(cd_ p({\\mathfrak o}'_{\\infty})_{et}\\leq 1\\), then \\(H^ 1({\\mathfrak o}_{\\infty},{\\mathcal A}(p))^*\\) is \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_ p\\)- torsion free and \\(\\rho =\\dim A\\cdot [k: {\\mathbb{Q}}]\\). (Here \\(cd_ p({\\mathfrak o}'_{\\infty})_{et}\\leq 1\\) is conjectured to be true for \\({\\mathfrak o}'_{\\infty}.)\\)    Finally, the proof of the theorem is given. The essential part of the proof is reduced to a problem about connected groups G over the residue field \\(\\kappa\\), and then the problem is solved using the infinite dimensional formal Lie group of Witt covectors, and the theory of Dieudonn\u00e9 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