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Special models of these systems, namely the Hammerstein cascade model (dynamic linear subsystem preceded by a static nonlinearity) and the Wiener cascade model (dynamic linear subsystem followed by a static nonlinearity) are considered.    Various identification schemes that have been proposed for these special models are critically reviewed with reference to special models arising in the identification of nonlinear biological systems. A number of deficiencies in theoretical cascade analysis is pointed out and some errors are corrected. 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