{"entities":{"Q1091736":{"pageid":1102488,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1091736","lastrevid":69620991,"modified":"2026-04-13T08:15:23Z","type":"item","id":"Q1091736","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Latent trait models and dichotomization of graded responses"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4011736"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$DE385590-35AF-45E9-BD0A-2CE2352AB8AA","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"52a229d547e71ae4bbd8f8557ba28b57ba6b7d5f","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Latent trait models and dichotomization of graded responses","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$681CC432-8C2B-452F-874A-A69C405AC432","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"81b8d527b71e2d77f27c9a4955ce35fbefa958de","datavalue":{"value":"0623.62106","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$85CDA041-2EB3-4625-A828-53271BEC19F9","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"2cfb609c3514b59fe80dbc18e00687b172fd7e78","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF02294001","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$96AA61E8-3879-4F14-8ABE-F0007BCF5539","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d201efd27028bcd36cb6fdde67ac5464899e94c2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1091734,"id":"Q1091734"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$FF1F40B8-4220-4DE3-B8DF-6481CE46499A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"6be19d0d2553c4644e5c1226dcc22fc5f9d2fcc4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1091735,"id":"Q1091735"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$6FCF2D3B-23BE-4859-9624-3007AA09E95F","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"72bcfae02dd91ecd19c7b3a8596b46b6a5a66e80","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":58461,"id":"Q58461"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$B61F7F5E-50A0-48AE-A087-2DA84A42952E","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"63df7153432d81fa42019fcabb076c89649b0b5b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1986-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$F66A4AEA-5CC3-424C-9A50-F49EB90D2B51","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"bd65d4d3583487d82fe70603b961b39d95ca93c1","datavalue":{"value":"The polychotomous Rasch model has been introduced in 1961 [\\textit{G. Rasch}, Proc. 4th Berkeley Sympos. math. Statist. Probab. 4, 321-333 (1961; Zbl 0107.368)]. Since that time many researchers have contributed to the theory of analysis of data where the response consists of two or more alternatives or options. This paper discusses the compatibility of the Rasch model with dichotomization ''before the fact'' (suitable response format) or ''after the fact'' (collecting response data).    The main result states that the unidimensional polychotomous Rasch model is not \\(\\xi\\)-invariant under the joining assumption. However, \\textit{F. Samejima}'s homogeneous logistic model [Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded responses. Psychometrika 34 (1969) is \\(\\xi\\)-invariant. At the end of the paper the \\textit{R. Likert} scoring technique [Archives of psychology 140, 1-59 (1932)] is discussed.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$63573A43-7423-45BB-AE3D-58A6EDAF9966","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"a70af8628b988d65ab38a93c102dc99fa407d73d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":689449,"id":"Q689449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$2D942DCB-2249-43C4-9FDC-B6CC5E22B9A2","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4c02b6b2357edae8569f9074db0528a902b9bc64","datavalue":{"value":"62P15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$45519E1C-E1E2-4404-B8A2-48FD5ACFBBD7","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"0132d350c21af1285d0803022a345a89d88b7068","datavalue":{"value":"4011736","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$21094D7F-3113-4B66-85A2-C9B8B883FF73","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"168313cc835590a43b7244cdd136673945840f58","datavalue":{"value":"latent trait models","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$7CCE6E61-87F5-47B7-BC98-92334DEA2A28","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0f90b20d106d2dcc3ec70e805534b9f528547ca2","datavalue":{"value":"graded responses","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$ED726CF5-55AD-4EF8-8979-6EA6B0F0710B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c29f9c91ff8bcb159a3ee92adaab22bb49844b01","datavalue":{"value":"rating data","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$C4C56683-E7B0-48E3-A8B1-219166B15364","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2fbdee651dbfd9b3cdfa77220d0bed1a56ba7995","datavalue":{"value":"polychotomous Rasch model","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$B68858C7-E01F-45CC-B93F-73D1B2429906","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a3cffaf5e52239631385e6699368cd715d32be20","datavalue":{"value":"dichotomization","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$4C77FD62-BD01-48D9-885A-0EF0C204024B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7b682f2fd55ff5e42c82f0e702887dac952017e2","datavalue":{"value":"before the fact","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$6FABAC72-E9D1-4290-BE0B-D56A5D45AF6F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7cd3bcb4704d026c097e330398e73840f83377c3","datavalue":{"value":"after the fact","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$B199D3C9-0DB8-4B75-8371-65165DA7EF55","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"fff62ee00e89d152f5e94ff4f72ef79b3b1604dc","datavalue":{"value":"Likert scoring technique","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$A10AA6EC-F870-47EF-B41C-A8B2B2F57EB1","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$2C337ECB-B0E8-4AE6-823C-7D53B87F8AD1","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"623a02683841580b6ef15bc5c53eac90b37154df","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3248384,"id":"Q3248384"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$CE957D0C-C31B-473C-A957-7091A726BE4C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"119a39a95d76007aabbdc02203faccf2e4caf876","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1237495,"id":"Q1237495"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$022EFE24-A42A-47C5-835B-6CE435141F71","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0a304699d0db437c8b9fb0a37a1510d0d3e8df5d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1142000,"id":"Q1142000"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$291E7B03-A3B2-44C5-998F-D4760D465AF3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"83bbfe5bc8407a16536767e157cdf4697131a686","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3852986,"id":"Q3852986"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$767A8832-4E28-433E-ACDF-C86B881344E3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8e2c4119bc6d57a282f52405ae65410a23c9ee32","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4051417,"id":"Q4051417"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$5BFBF027-0E86-440D-9D63-16FD4F0226F9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c675db736a0df73940310e75590be4eacecf9c58","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4077128,"id":"Q4077128"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$C709D5D9-043F-48FA-AE9A-DA43F2D0ABF5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"897ae6ca3486e8796fab47ceb0abc7c95e2fd189","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1168681,"id":"Q1168681"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$E76ADC45-59B9-4B8E-B503-4CCC8EE2BF0E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6bf14b81fdb3ed041c13df4060f5670719856306","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3948432,"id":"Q3948432"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$AF3A5A1D-9763-4B99-B99E-C3879E1EF19F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"173b5ebbe9e2f41da7fcaeaf9539534dbd52a509","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3294627,"id":"Q3294627"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$5391D12F-A4BF-41E8-83F6-A981A35D2949","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e1a573efaceb3bc537329c871de37634cf8d23a9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3337998,"id":"Q3337998"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$F9B6B6A3-70EF-41E0-90FE-585E28A7F574","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c905da21ccc9439cc73a6fd0069c5973164b8346","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1166880,"id":"Q1166880"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$492B842A-8243-48DA-98B2-D6397BBEE164","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"678f437904019f7b66891f55622941b76d966362","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02294001","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$294410D1-81D8-496A-87FF-22D578638B61","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"e9a09417aabf8087b8b3540088a722ec88dda2c6","datavalue":{"value":"W2038481541","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1091736$A398D2A7-B1B4-4B04-A25A-AD89EEA68507","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b486dd1cfe9c4a780830c3ad72db639a48c18c24","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3217985,"id":"Q3217985"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c8425d25debcf4d461562c55f71c923d752c113","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.907073974609375","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1091736$85F0EA3B-06D5-4501-9599-B5A02E95B37F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"063134f092e317a91146d3d3a9cfebe6b10e591c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4850593,"id":"Q4850593"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d22702e59bd9b8bfecc912130618fde3800b100d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7986010909080505","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1091736$EE87E6ED-949D-42DC-8D27-939D8F1A1D18","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5f79ee898af1dca88138df143549339f17b53c91","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":676517,"id":"Q676517"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d22702e59bd9b8bfecc912130618fde3800b100d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7986010909080505","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1091736$7060BC3D-044C-48F1-8596-552B517FC974","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9d14192494456e7df0566dad29fdc9722abbed20","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4850594,"id":"Q4850594"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5c71013b1f4b3137f4bcf8378c611ac9bdf3a89b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7861805558204651","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1091736$DB09B0E2-0AFB-456C-8A11-5903A0DE15F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5707984b1ba67cf5085be0cfa6be1416d3c2abdb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4850595,"id":"Q4850595"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5c71013b1f4b3137f4bcf8378c611ac9bdf3a89b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7861805558204651","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1091736$2DAD7577-15F0-43F9-879D-C9D18C9EFC5C","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Latent trait models and dichotomization of graded responses","badges":[]}}}}}