{"entities":{"Q1092519":{"pageid":1103271,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1092519","lastrevid":66114660,"modified":"2026-04-12T07:39:08Z","type":"item","id":"Q1092519","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Dual bounds on the equilibrium distribution of a finite Markov chain"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4020132"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$B0D654AD-721F-4A07-9C19-46D7D7277B2D","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"497799a80b84bb5082ad23def62182e5de1ca07e","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Dual bounds on the equilibrium distribution of a finite Markov chain","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$A883690B-4896-40C1-ADF8-06D01800D69E","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"94c2fd70bb4bcd35f9c772705dd2f926281bf276","datavalue":{"value":"0627.60064","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$4458D48F-2E53-492C-BF36-0F0C75944850","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"4a8b710d1ed8f319b877f8f357f12625fe52f69e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0022-247X(87)90055-2","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$5DB335C2-F4FA-4E28-A73E-ECAFF215E574","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"71b5c36a12101ad151aa449ad72c4af9ce8afa01","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1066820,"id":"Q1066820"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$898F08FC-A4EF-46A3-B523-9BF8C3E4A3C0","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"c5ad7b9baf8e531c6b1ad954eb5f2899cc8fe5e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":85344,"id":"Q85344"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$16AD952A-E09F-4E79-80B9-4BADDE63AEC1","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ae48c61eed19d1e1e1f33f9255d5b329362d064","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1987-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$FB407658-68A3-433C-9BF3-8D65A23F87E5","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"e00ebbd7cc99e0d2fb3f1ea203844cc06b6dbed5","datavalue":{"value":"Consider a stationary finite Markov chain with states numbered 1,2,...,N and transition probability matrix \\(P=[P_{ij}]\\), \\(1\\leq i\\), \\(j\\leq N\\), \\(P_{ij}\\geq 0\\), \\(\\sum^{N}_{j=1}P_{ij}=1\\). The author assumes that P is both unichained and aperiodic and gives sharp upper and lower bounds for the equilibrium state probabilities \\(\\pi_ k\\) (1\\(\\leq k\\leq N)\\) of P, along with an iterative scheme which moves the bounds monotonically and geometrically inward to \\(\\pi_ k.\\)    The present bounds generalize a result of \\textit{J. G. Kemeny} and \\textit{J. L. Snell} [Finite Markov Chains (p.173) (1960; Zbl 0089.137)]. It may be noted that they have the advantage of being tight for small values of n, thereby reducing computational effort, but they have the disadvantage of working for only one choice of k at a time, so that bounding the entire equilibrium distribution requires N-fold effort.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$D509C886-04D4-47D3-88B6-4CEDDB70DC37","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1cdf15533e26fc0c4c2e22d28e655c364dfe77a6","datavalue":{"value":"60J10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$E1B12E84-FE25-413B-9527-295563371D10","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"5795ade52fcc5552858b4c88e98d8287d5d5864f","datavalue":{"value":"4020132","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$00C7B760-D153-463E-A2B7-79047951DEAA","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0ebe5b02a4d0a20280e266df5b42012f3065d67e","datavalue":{"value":"stationary finite Markov chain","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$75EAF0EB-CD23-43D4-9A64-617D9D3192AE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"488db38c158244e22a98114b363b23b1b551fbb1","datavalue":{"value":"sharp upper and lower bounds for the equilibrium state probabilities","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$45A48793-F109-44B6-BF47-A1BD9007CA48","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"786340af3c96bfe6dc1fd85e3aa5793d780a0314","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":452296,"id":"Q452296"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$955AFE64-0897-4976-88C6-171F89A5F2A3","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$EC5BDEBF-1E39-40CB-8035-4C5930A8FC35","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0459d1a93a135deb9a3f3404173b887fd894a7be","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3266141,"id":"Q3266141"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$D8547D08-4B62-4D46-B293-78A02A595C3E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c22fcf18566ed2e8432345685216e51b33104189","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5533893,"id":"Q5533893"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$0122A206-A458-4889-A1D1-9614104A4627","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0330a95c4b58fb4eee1cae1787d09cfe629b2f10","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5576132,"id":"Q5576132"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$833BDEE8-AD0F-4528-BA63-B40AD011B56D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ae05df24390915b6f8a39f160895d164ea80a10b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2546840,"id":"Q2546840"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$721DB716-699F-41E1-86B4-39C6416960C2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a708e986aac65478c22f494884263f019c65bf63","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4187617,"id":"Q4187617"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$8711C409-5EDF-4633-922B-6DE998DE75FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1faf1ded0fcc70f08486bab13922af333a4a3330","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4187616,"id":"Q4187616"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$C16E14CE-B8CF-4252-912F-E7C5535FE2B8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6cf8e830f4d14e165a856a2ecae282762f575231","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2393803,"id":"Q2393803"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$BC13D420-19FB-41D0-93CA-8D6A3A8C1F38","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"78f14459f67d301da6c539c2f758151b1da5d94a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5822308,"id":"Q5822308"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1092519$8C7D3832-F715-4F1A-BE8F-9E1651C35B56","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"05d9d01c35596d71bcf96284ef27a86c7d968e22","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5903301,"id":"Q5903301"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"de00837dd8d12c047a85c6323dc773af4bdbb313","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8828644752502441","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1092519$17454FEC-78DC-4EE5-A5C4-236C29E62CC1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"deaa368323cc02bcd991f5075ae7e2149894def2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3415834,"id":"Q3415834"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bd71530d2cd43cac26ae2ab8cd114ef527f361d4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.809025228023529","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1092519$3153BBF8-0E1F-4BC8-BC8B-45C299BAEA63","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6b4eda61310a6fbdea18c35fc74f3ae39dcf23fb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3768110,"id":"Q3768110"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"75b17474efa512c2f207d2c0a8da89f945837681","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7890504598617554","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1092519$31262AAD-90FA-4629-88D1-3898F57482AF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"004dcb7aa7e9967c61a08b23809dc070fd4ad3f5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4897516,"id":"Q4897516"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"98fc18059ca26905fd616659398d25054aaa2399","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7875059843063354","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1092519$ABEC0E8B-799F-43B2-B4B7-7CA917FBE3BB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7c23a626aa268f8577fdae5fc5e7d69afde0447c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4804676,"id":"Q4804676"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"98addb555cc4f7a751f9d0c9a2c9bb49a200c7d4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7860836982727051","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1092519$239BB00E-4A7B-427A-97F5-15C0B6517D58","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Dual bounds on the equilibrium distribution of a finite Markov chain","badges":[]}}}}}