{"entities":{"Q1099049":{"pageid":1109801,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1099049","lastrevid":42875292,"modified":"2025-07-15T15:11:42Z","type":"item","id":"Q1099049","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The risk aversion measure without the independence axiom"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4039583"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$E165DAA8-4BE8-4C45-9339-522DD23781F6","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"eac4e36448fc05d48ed037945e2e8919162db653","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The risk aversion measure without the independence axiom","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$CBBCD1FB-F733-46F5-8BA5-7454510C3EDA","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"2500acfe519db7ae8ae3221baf4d250511855f6e","datavalue":{"value":"0637.90011","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$3DC46906-2A8C-405A-AC64-9098060B6E01","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"42bcd8adcbeead3eb15e524417b0df23c4dd72b4","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF00148959","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$4BB04DD9-479F-42BB-86BE-4E27ADF6D39E","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a706f7031b9e8ee44228963cc1c223c3ecc46c1f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":453653,"id":"Q453653"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$1929AF77-701E-4AEE-ADDB-9DCEF37FCA9A","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"640b750a42eeaae96a384daeb4b1a36e8ed44c62","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":153958,"id":"Q153958"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$152BEE8F-2682-4899-A5B4-EFA7CB205975","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"31a1937240ca4a323604b4728c31d242b5596d7c","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1988-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$4273C57F-FC96-4EAD-8B59-8A679679706A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"35a48ac08620b6c4ad61b9373aeb66731787ada1","datavalue":{"value":"The risk premium (conveniently normalized) is defined as the measure of risk aversion. This measure does not require any relevant assumption in the theory of choice under uncertainty except the existence of a certainty equivalent. In particular, the independence axiom is not required. The measure of risk aversion of an action is provided not only for the case with one commodity and two consequences but also for the case with many commodities and consequences. The measure of mean risk aversion of all actions with given consequences is introduced and the local measure of risk aversion of obtained by making all these consequences approach the consequence under consideration. This measure is demonstrated to be zero when the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function exists. In this case a measure of risk aversion of the second order is introduced, which turns out to be equal to the Arrow-Pratt absolute index when there is only one commodity and similar to the generalized measures proposed by several authors when there are many commodities and two consequences.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$AE64766D-B66A-4660-AD87-C023949B6711","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"662a15c969a3e9b9201184d54187bd341d8c9f5f","datavalue":{"value":"91B16","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$726B5B1E-76CB-4182-BA59-63ADC14A14AE","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"cda23518484423472ba99418f0560da8a5ce971e","datavalue":{"value":"4039583","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$A17419D7-C369-433C-BCC8-C3795F9A0CC6","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d84e48ecbf10c750e090c85f473e831545476a8b","datavalue":{"value":"risk premium","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$ADCB06D6-D938-4E44-865F-5FC960A31D81","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2f06709d7fa75e1f597fbbf81d088e65c113e456","datavalue":{"value":"measure of risk aversion","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$38456E45-63D8-4235-9703-3FE25E7B7AF9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"47aae71a4d6428a806fa5908825eba6b023b4110","datavalue":{"value":"independence axiom","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$15789C75-5E5A-4D50-8FC6-BA7FB343B182","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3143a1280f1cbbcba78b2712647c9e1ba610786a","datavalue":{"value":"Arrow-Pratt absolute index","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$EC517371-E753-41DB-8407-DA85AFB156D6","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"8f9d05eb018ab1a119d78e1ac726cd085e21e99c","datavalue":{"value":"Q114695017","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$1857B20A-98F6-4D32-8F49-F61A108F50A7","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$2C23D32B-FD46-4AC5-93E1-FF22F8E0D6BD","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d731f214a913f81f7465f5d3868e5b388511eae1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1050900,"id":"Q1050900"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$1D8AE990-6E01-4611-B923-399D1060FBAD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"088e2d166c6fff34e3f5caa6fa5e6104dd83b4db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1095773,"id":"Q1095773"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$F06119F8-FB7F-4780-8B40-8CD3E52A25D0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0043cd7289e53b3e48151c959c0e3041dcccca23","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5684433,"id":"Q5684433"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$E5BCFCA8-3763-4429-B724-B9F0D4BFC356","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"722bb6266f312422307ccb74c85111eb1223d471","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4145045,"id":"Q4145045"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$E912DE5F-A1A0-4BF3-8F68-483D5047C7E8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5f6feace5b63159d712b051c7ba09619ff07072a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5341352,"id":"Q5341352"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$AB42AF9B-D9D9-4FE4-854B-DC4BC1A38DD7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"61df45b22c7cde4a88cf2921565e6072f6ad3807","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5580128,"id":"Q5580128"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$01F594DE-9415-47A2-8CA6-7F9F3524B504","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"819591b0d2eca4ee312ea5b92a85c68cb40f9c72","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4726013,"id":"Q4726013"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1099049$07CA3DA6-8E8B-4694-97F5-96CF1ABD1AAE","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7d49a784c0c0a07a9c5863eb13f584cd9029c9b6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4732272,"id":"Q4732272"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"924976cb7d1d505c1bed4b2701d8adf118f0cf43","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9555401","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$DE75F8F5-521D-4EC0-A37C-3840AB2D0658","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4342bdb7358e6a46902cfc9552ef4caa9ce0f1b3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1927864,"id":"Q1927864"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8a50fe5956cc9799df0ea211b9739f86a699f918","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.87359226","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$85846AB1-76E7-46A2-8BD4-E276F019F069","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"01af6910f56e91ba4f727cc4906f14f4d4432d2c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1190247,"id":"Q1190247"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5de305f5819df5bd55cf3fdaf32008f12295b2a6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8676047","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$353C7D4A-FF43-4801-8150-71C3698DE904","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"693ddf3f53e016653f2af2bbc409f8bd0148d34a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1180526,"id":"Q1180526"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"86af09eb8cb755d95764ce1ddad8841f7eaa9317","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8606745","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$6C284CBE-CF51-4873-A10D-E89ECA3A93D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2f08fde70db0903b1d59afaf86eb1092120ee26c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":759623,"id":"Q759623"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e1d79170833b5ac8c94e826fa9dad460ecc80ded","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8580746","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$E0B5AB5D-BA21-4A7E-A8A1-87852E10C292","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1c1595b16c08a059b20f1ca705b4ffd3af26b4a8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1095773,"id":"Q1095773"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"04ef29316b8b6e4e10fafddd9e1ff30c2752e0d7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.853917","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$270144EC-F16C-4AB3-A15D-CD13B5A504AE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a151f62c1b52cf4c4707ec04f686a7c7f2f0e0eb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4717903,"id":"Q4717903"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"baddf7c7954d1197ede9047db27accb448aca099","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.85355586","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$64C53D21-259F-4528-A70B-9A4411A20391","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f2a2e229f28d2ab7895dca672114737d0f8914bc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1969813,"id":"Q1969813"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"74e5fa847b4e8b12836093e4244d5434e768a27a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8491722","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$42EE2C40-FC58-4FE6-AC6E-5EE31437D8DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"602cd6102972004e49cadce879bc91a48dbdcf05","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1079145,"id":"Q1079145"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"52cc7bca1012695a9550265a67c58d29b21038d7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.84907407","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$46E7E43F-8EC8-4F67-A64E-48E1A444E91B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"47bd048137a7998c03770d36d418ad7ded8d7cc0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5953207,"id":"Q5953207"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"52033b6a35d417ccde2e3d0726b900f0ef4acd5b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8456944","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1099049$801AB2C8-A04A-4AB1-96DA-79C2B46D1859","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1099049","badges":[]}}}}}