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In this essay, it is argued that the portions of mathematics labelled elliptic form a ``realm'' of mathematics, with certain unifying themes and techniques that cut across different branches of mathematics. The elliptic realm includes Riemannian geometry, elliptic p.d.e.'s, potential theory, pseudo-differential operators, compact Lie groups, quantum mechanics, one complex variable, Hilbert space and Brownian motion. Similarly there is a hyperbolic realm which includes Lorentzian geometry, hyperbolic p.d.e.'s, Fourier integral operators, non-compact semisimple Lie groups, and general relativity.    However, the evidence for a parabolic realm is less convincing. Instead, a sub-elliptic realm has come into prominence in recent research. A typical representative of this realm is the H\u00f6rmander sum-of-squares hypoelliptic operator \\(\\sum^{m}_{j=1}X^ 2_ j\\), where \\(X_ 1,...,X_ n\\) are real vector fields on a manifold whose brackets span the full tangent space. Other areas that fall in the sub-elliptic realm include nilpotent Lie groups, strictly pseudo-convex domains in \\({\\mathbb{C}}^ n\\), and a sub-Riemannian geometry (also called singular Riemannian or Carnot-Carath\u00e9odory geometry) which has applications both to sub-elliptic p.d.e.'s and control theory.    The essay concludes with a table in which the realms are listed horizontally and branches of mathematics (ranging over analysis, geometry and mathematical physics) are listed 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