{"entities":{"Q1100308":{"pageid":1111060,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1100308","lastrevid":66131892,"modified":"2026-04-12T07:45:42Z","type":"item","id":"Q1100308","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Some functional equations which generate both crinkly broken lines and curves"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4042248"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$6AEED996-3F10-4FA5-9294-96C6E247ECD9","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"48ba44166723b43ce2380312b4a414ecc787fa32","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Some functional equations which generate both crinkly broken lines and curves","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$C5F39143-82D7-450B-A14E-215C7A4CB6F8","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"fe00f5d0e64b0eaa2f2a2cdb40e22137273dea33","datavalue":{"value":"0639.30025","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$05174053-4120-4824-8E1A-A35054CD20D1","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"6ad8d7fd6215a3469ac926dd4c486654c535a74e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":196363,"id":"Q196363"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$6BC93B43-5631-4FF3-A1D0-2881DB54887A","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"77dc2fb917d9ddfc7ec1da3e21f74c52714e1a70","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":172164,"id":"Q172164"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$E6FE8CD3-7449-4EFA-9175-8CF4C382EDFE","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ae48c61eed19d1e1e1f33f9255d5b329362d064","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1987-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$C712F26D-1A96-4538-BAF6-42FD0C050930","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"e814f620c6efd2845ae168505ee91b77e961865c","datavalue":{"value":"A sequence of complex numbers \\(a=\\{a_ n\\}^{\\infty}_{n=0}\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^{{\\mathbb{N}}}\\) generates a broken line L(a) in the complex plane whose turning points \\(\\{z_ n\\}^{\\infty}_{n=0}\\) are given by \\(z_ 0=0\\), \\(z_ n=\\sum^{n-1}_{k=0}a_ k\\) \\((n=1,2,...)\\). For \\((\\gamma_ 0,\\gamma_ 1,...,\\gamma_{n-1})\\in {\\mathbb{C}}\\) \\(n\\setminus \\{0\\}\\), let  \\[  T_{\\gamma}(a_ 0,a_ 1,...)=(\\gamma_ 0a_ 0,\\gamma_ 1a_ 0,...,\\gamma_{n-1}a_ 0,\\gamma_ 0a_ 1,..\\quad.,\\gamma_{n-1}a_ 1,\\gamma_ 0,a_ 2,...),  \\]  \\(T_{\\gamma}\\) replaces a segment \\(a_ j\\) by segments \\(\\gamma_ 0a_ j,\\gamma_ 1a_ j,...,\\gamma_{n-1}a_ j\\). Many irregular curves can be generated by taking limits, in the sense of Hausdorff metric, of \\(L(T\\) \\(n_{\\gamma}(a))\\) (\\(\\gamma\\) is the so- called generator of the resulting fractal curve).    The author first investigates broken lines which are invariant under \\(T_{\\gamma}\\). If \\({\\mathbb{C}}^{{\\mathbb{N}}}\\) is identified with the ring of formal power series \\({\\mathbb{C}}[[ z]]\\), the condition of invariance leads to the functional equation (in \\({\\mathbb{C}}[[ z]])\\)  \\[  (*)\\quad \\psi_{\\gamma}(z)f(z\\quad n)=f(z),  \\]  where \\(\\psi_{\\gamma}=1+\\gamma_ 1z+...+\\gamma_{n-1}z^{n-1}\\). The solution of (*) is obtained, and it is shown that the (a priori formal) power series has radius of convergence 1; in fact, the natural boundary of the corresponding analytic function is the unit circle (with a few exceptions).    Since the unit circle is also the Julia set of \\(z\\mapsto z\\) n, the author is led to consider the more general functional equation  \\[  (**)\\quad \\psi (z)f(p(z))=f(z),  \\]  where \\(\\psi\\) is entire and p is a polynomial satisfying certain conditions. He shows that if the immediate stable set \\(A_ 0\\) of 0 (under \\(z\\mapsto p(z))\\) contains a zero of \\(\\psi\\), then the solution of (**) restricted to \\(A_ 0\\) has the boundary of \\(A_ 0\\) as its natural boundary.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$B2AD4479-7264-40FD-B1B9-A02DD02EBAE6","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"9547b4aaacbb8cd89370751ba1e3dff9f36d1a1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":226938,"id":"Q226938"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$19482EE2-8D06-49BA-90F3-73BFAD21B089","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"afccb817138c7c3a19d522725db910b0af06ed5f","datavalue":{"value":"30D05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$F214D3D0-81CE-4FCA-B716-51260DC5D2B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0791678af6b0a4bcfab3de24ae8c23d9c1bf27c5","datavalue":{"value":"28A75","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$1464F18A-9668-42E6-B471-7E0661C77CAB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d6feea568d899b744865784a041ba0767172a3dc","datavalue":{"value":"39A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$B01844BE-9420-4FEA-AF96-8682695D50FF","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"ae77684e2b198b0dd01032d5bd8e0f847f506095","datavalue":{"value":"4042248","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$ABFA362A-3B32-40E1-9900-3BE6D2D1BBB1","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c60fac9f4a42b6dc80c5bbac34e64dbd1b090258","datavalue":{"value":"Hausdorff metric","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$30BE7092-5ABC-4091-9665-809EB98B2B52","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0c15964243390f32be533525af5dc986bb015961","datavalue":{"value":"fractal curve","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$CEB3DBF5-B5AD-4179-AB45-88BDC0F68A9D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"cc98b89d0c72c2d2a74eb88a1ff7a96d902df20e","datavalue":{"value":"broken lines","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$123569E9-9B03-4187-8947-90976E07F89C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f3590eb8b47f26c41d61639b5166afe44752133e","datavalue":{"value":"formal power series","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$1B5734AA-9941-499F-A51D-BC63ACBC917A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ac1d486bd7a93c00085449c3dbf8eace4ed01ccf","datavalue":{"value":"functional equation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$5130B550-81A2-46BC-A3DC-BFBE627ABACC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e635b61fd9b021726478418cc5af465211fa02d2","datavalue":{"value":"Julia set","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$3112A769-E2F5-4768-B4F1-77701554888B","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$BDF67BD8-F6D7-42FE-B886-14559A801849","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"3ce96d78fa27fadf0bc8035296703124d8597d12","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1215/kjm/1250520769","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$10A7CCF6-4DD9-4B4B-9690-F3647CB77CE3","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"2b96877436700031a49cafb52e6f84df40dd9d35","datavalue":{"value":"W1506815486","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$5A030D25-A17A-4005-B9EE-C69E7FD5B999","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"7fd9294c2e05d75a2dec7ba2d4ef1c336d0f8af0","datavalue":{"value":"10.1215/KJM/1250520769","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1100308$BD09BAE2-C573-498E-8220-7369BBA47DD6","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7c42581c99cbac44ae9c92bdfb36814d2493be94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3976161,"id":"Q3976161"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b083b7746306bee78f065ce15c22c1db950a561b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7486383318901062","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1100308$A594B7C3-CD5F-4FBD-BD49-6A11B718959B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b6262608347fb7373602b682eb642b3661ea7ea3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4441103,"id":"Q4441103"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"596a7572b3005982d5244a2375f4562322ce7f94","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7459555268287659","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1100308$84564FB3-A1F0-4CAB-A109-E9CE676DA84C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6daf457c73666a93ddb4af66358d65fb6859b893","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5945751,"id":"Q5945751"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1e6aedbc0251db8535fec491b3859a848a030405","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7448263764381409","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1100308$4971D0F3-9869-4F19-96DC-15C9256A3543","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d9dcdfd0c34f4da533c2843e3f1530f003da9e6f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1288292,"id":"Q1288292"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1e6aedbc0251db8535fec491b3859a848a030405","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7448263764381409","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1100308$95733296-5B9E-4962-BB4F-B0F633D2A8B3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ba9b5bb779e3442150f5097f6548ef50649be552","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4722880,"id":"Q4722880"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e8c37b239f77e6fe9904f586f92eb4254e798a5e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7402634620666504","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1100308$971DFBB4-17A9-476B-AFCA-05CB7DF96182","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Some functional equations which generate both crinkly broken lines and curves","badges":[]}}}}}