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Denote by B(m,\\(\\epsilon)\\) the ball of radius \\(\\epsilon\\) around \\(m\\in M\\). Fix \\(m\\in M\\) and let \\(f: M\\to {\\mathbb{R}}\\) be continuous. The first mean value of f is defined to be  \\[  M(f,\\epsilon):=[vol(\\partial B(m,\\epsilon))]^{-1}\\int_{\\partial B(m,\\epsilon)}f(z)\\quad d\\sigma (z),  \\]  where \\(d\\sigma\\) denotes the volume element on \\(\\partial B(m,\\epsilon)\\). The second mean value of f is  \\[  L(f,\\epsilon):=(vol S^{n-1})^{-1}\\int_{S^{n-1}}f\\circ \\exp_ m(\\epsilon u)\\quad du,  \\]  where \\(S^{n-1}\\) is the unit sphere in the tangent space \\(T_ mM\\). Finally, the stochastic mean value of f is \\(E(f(X(T_{\\epsilon})))\\), where X is a Brownian motion on M starting in \\(m\\in M\\), \\(T_{\\epsilon}\\) is the first exit time from B(m,\\(\\epsilon)\\), and E denotes expectation with respect to the Wiener measure. The zeroth mean value will be understood to be f(m) itself.    The authors formulate a set of twelve conditions on mutual equalities between the four means up to an error term of order \\(O(\\epsilon^{2k+2})\\) to hold for all \\(f\\in C^{2k+2}\\) or f harmonic, resp., and \\(m\\in M\\). Here k is a positive integer or \\(k=\\infty\\), where for \\(k=\\infty\\) the error term is understood to be zero. The main result goes like this:    Suppose M is \\(C^{\\omega}\\). Then each of the twelve conditions is equivalent to:    M being a harmonic space if \\(k=\\infty\\); M being an Einstein space if \\(k=2\\); M being a super-Einstein space if \\(k=3.\\)    Most of the implications also hold if M is \\(C^{\\infty}\\) 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