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The same bound holds for PRAMs with arbitrary binary operations, if the size of the input numbers is not restricted.    The second lower bound regards languages in \\({\\mathbb{R}}^ n\\) corresponding to `Knapsack', `Minimum perfect matching', `Shortest path', and `Traveling salesperson' on linear decision trees (LDTs) with the restriction that the number of negative coefficients \\(\\alpha_ i\\) in each test \\(\\sum_{1\\leq i\\leq n}\\alpha_ ix_ i:\\) \\(\\alpha_ 0\\) is bounded by f(n). The lower bounds on the depth of such LDTs that recognize these languages are \\(\\Omega (2^{\\lfloor n/2f(n)\\rfloor})\\) for `Knapsack' and \\(\\Omega (2^{\\lfloor \\sqrt{n}/4f(n)\\rfloor})\\) for the graph problems.    The common new tool in the proofs of these lower bounds is the method of constructing ``hard'' instances \\((x_ 1,...,x_ n)\\) of the respective problem by building up the input numbers \\(x_ i\\) from ``mutually inaccessible'' numbers, i.e., numbers of different orders of magnitude.    [See also the review of the prelimincomputing; lower bound; leader finding on rings of processors.    We prove a lower bound of \\(nH_ n\\approx 0.346n \\log n\\) for the average number of messages for distributed leader finding in asynchronous, bidirectional rings of 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