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Gohberg} and \\textit{N. Ya. Krupnik} [Introduction to the theory of 1-dimensional integral operators (in Russian) (1973; Zbl 0271.47017)] introduced localising classes as the analogue, for a noncommutative Banach algebra \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) with unit element, of the maximal ideals in Gelfand theory. Denote the set of invertible elements of \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) by Inv \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) and the maximal ideal space by M(\\({\\mathfrak A})\\). A subset M of \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) is called a localising class if \\(0\\not\\in M\\) and for each pair \\(f_ 1,f_ 2\\in M\\) there exists an \\(f\\in M\\) such that \\(ff_ j=f_ jf=f\\), \\(i=1,2\\). A family \\((M_ t)_{t\\in T}\\) is called covering if, for any family \\((f_ t)_{t\\in T}\\), \\(f_ t\\in M_ t\\), there exists a finite set \\(f_{t_ 1},...,f_{t_ m}\\) such that \\(f_{t_ 1}+...+f_{t_ m}\\in Inv {\\mathfrak A}\\). Given a localising class M, elements \\(a,b\\in {\\mathfrak A}\\) are called M-equivalent if \\(\\inf_{f\\in M}\\| (a-b)f\\| =\\inf_{f\\in M}\\| f(a-b)\\| =0\\). Define \\({\\mathfrak M}=\\cup_{t\\in T}M_ t\\), Com \\({\\mathfrak M}=\\{a\\in {\\mathfrak A}:af=fa\\) for all \\(f\\in {\\mathfrak M}\\}\\), \\(Z_ t\\) to be the set of elements of Com \\({\\mathfrak M}\\) which are \\(M_ t\\)- equivalent to 0 and let \\(\\tilde a\\) t denote the coset \\(a+Z_ t\\). Gohberg and Krupnik proved that if \\(M_ t\\) is bounded in \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) then \\(a\\in Inv {\\mathfrak A}\\) if and only if \\(\\tilde a\\) \\(t\\in Inv(Com {\\mathfrak M}/Z_ t)\\) for all \\(t\\in T\\). The authors topologise calling a family \\((M_ t)_{t\\in T}\\) of localising classes overlapping if each \\(M_ t\\) is bounded, \\({\\mathfrak M}\\) is commutative and T has a topology such that if \\(f\\in M_{t_ 0}\\) then \\(f\\in M_ t\\) for all t in a neighbourhood of \\(t_ 0:\\) then \\(t\\mapsto \\tilde a\\) t is upper semicontinuous and, if \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) is a C *-algebra and each \\(M_ t\\) is self-adjoint, then \\(\\| a\\| =\\max_{t\\in T}\\| \\tilde a\\) \\(t\\|.\\)    Consider a closed subalgebra \\({\\mathfrak L}\\) of the centre of \\({\\mathfrak A}\\), containing the unit element and denote the Gelfand transform of \\(b\\in {\\mathfrak L}\\) by \\(\\hat b.\\) Let \\(N\\in M({\\mathfrak L})\\) and denote by \\(J_ N\\) the smallest closed two-sided ideal of \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) containing \\(\\{\\) \\(b\\in {\\mathfrak L}:\\hat b(N)=0\\}\\) and by \\(\\tilde a\\) N the coset \\(a+J_ N\\). Then \\((M_ N)_{N\\in M({\\mathfrak L})}\\), where \\(M_ n=\\{b\\in {\\mathfrak L}:\\hat b\\equiv 1\\) in a neighbourhood of N and \\(\\hat b\\equiv 0\\) outside a neighbourhood of \\(N\\}\\), form an overlapping covering family of localising classes. Noting that Com \\({\\mathfrak M}={\\mathfrak A}\\) and letting \\(J_ N\\) play the role of \\(Z_ t\\), the results of \\textit{G. R. Allan} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., III. Ser. 18, 193-216 (1968; Zbl 0194.445)] and \\textit{R. G. Douglas} [Banach algebra techniques in operator theory (1972; Zbl 0247.47001)] are a special case of the Gohberg-Krupnik theory.    Denote the algebras of bounded and compact linear operators on L p(X), where X is compact Hausdorff, with non-negative Borel measure and \\(1\\leq p\\leq \\infty\\), by \\({\\mathfrak L}\\) and \\({\\mathfrak K}\\) respectively. An element of \\({\\mathfrak L}\\) is said to be of local type if Aa-aA\\(\\in K\\) for all \\(a\\in C(X)\\), where a also represents the operation of multiplication by a continuous function on X. When X is finite dimensional and p finite this definition is equivalent to that of \\textit{I. B. Simonenko} [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Math. 28, 277-306 (1964; Zbl 0136.069)]. Denote the Banach algebra of local type operators by \\(\\Lambda\\). The essential norm \\(| A|\\) of \\(A\\in {\\mathfrak L}\\) is defined to be \\(\\inf \\{\\| A+K\\|:K\\in {\\mathfrak K}\\}\\) and let \\(| A|_ x=\\inf \\{| aA|:a\\in C(X)\\), \\(0\\leq a\\leq 1\\), \\(a(x)=1\\}\\). The authors' results on the norms of the generalised Gelfand transform apply also to these local essential norms, generalising Simonenko. However, they do not prove existence of a generalised Gelfand transform and in this way their tone is misleading.    \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) is called KMS with respect to a C *-subalgebra \\({\\mathfrak L}\\), with unit element, if \\(\\| (b+c)a\\| \\leq \\max (\\| ba\\|,\\| ca\\|)\\) for all \\(a\\in {\\mathfrak A}\\), and \\(b,c\\in {\\mathfrak L}\\) with disjount supports. It is shown that \\({\\mathfrak A}\\) is KMS with respect to \\({\\mathfrak L}\\) if and only if \\(\\| a\\| =\\max \\{\\| a\\) \\(N\\|:N\\in M({\\mathfrak L})\\}\\) for all \\(a\\in {\\mathfrak A}\\). Unital C *-algebras are KMS with respect to unital C *-subalgebras of their centres. The authors construct examples of KMS-algebras of local type operators. If \\(A_ x\\), \\(x\\in X\\), is of local type and A is of local type such that \\(| A-A_ x|_ x=0\\) for all \\(x\\in X\\), then A is called the envelope of the family \\((A_ x).\\)    The authors show that a family of local type operators has an envelope if and only if the essential norms satisfy an upper semi-continuity condition, and in that case it is unique modulo compacts, and \\(| A| \\leq \\max \\{| A_ x|:x\\in X\\}\\) [c.f. \\textit{I. B. Simonenko} (loc. cit.)].    Finally the authors apply their results to express essential norms as maxima of essential local norms to obtain Simonenko's results on singular integral operators. They use Allan-Douglas theory to obtain similar results for Toeplitz operators, not based on L 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