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A variational problem on a manifold Z is determined by a scalar-valued n-form \\(\\vartheta\\) and an ideal \\({\\mathcal C}\\) in the algebra of differential forms on Z; among the n-dimensional submanifolds \\(\\alpha\\) :X\\(\\to Z\\), satisfying \\(\\alpha^*{\\mathcal C}=0\\), we find that one for which the action \\(\\int \\alpha^*\\vartheta\\) is stationary.    Besides the classical extremals (defined by vanishing variation) other ones (called Cartan's are introduced in a purely algebraic manner by the use of the Poincar\u00e9-Cartan form \\(\\vartheta +\\gamma\\) (\\(\\gamma\\in {\\mathcal C})\\) satisfying \\(d(\\vartheta +\\gamma)\\in {\\mathcal C}\\). The method is applied to the string theories in Riemannian manifolds, Maxwell equations, Yang- Mills theory and the definition of energy first-order field theories.    Reviewer's remark: The P.-C. forms as defined above do not exist in general and the weaker condition \\(d(\\vartheta +\\gamma)\\in {\\mathcal C}\\) only along \\(\\alpha\\) (X) is 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