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For a given positive integer \\(m\\) the set \\(\\varphi^{-1}(m)\\) consists of all \\(n\\) such that \\(\\varphi(n) = m\\). If \\(\\varphi^{-1}(m)\\) is non-empty then it is easy to see that \\(\\varphi^{-1}(m)\\) is bounded below by \\(m\\) and above by \\(m\\prod p/(p -1)\\) where \\(p\\) runs over all primes such that \\((p-1)\\mid m\\). In this paper a constructive method is given for finding all of the elements of \\(\\varphi^{-1}(m)\\) if \\(\\varphi^{-1}(r)\\) is known for all \\(r <m\\). If \\(v_o(m)\\) and \\(v_e(m)\\) denote, respectively, the number of odd and even elements in \\(\\varphi^{-1}(m)\\), this method yields the result that if \\(k\\ge 1\\) and \\(s\\) is odd then \\(v_e(2^ks) = v_o(2^ks) + v_e(2^{k-1}s)\\). Assuming that \\(2^k +1\\) is composite for \\(k > 16\\) it is shown that \\(v_o(2^k) = 1\\) if \\(0\\le k\\le 31\\) and \\(v_o(2^k) = 0\\) if \\(k\\ge 32\\). This was first proved by \\textit{R. D. Carmichael} [Bull. Am. Math. 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