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Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment donn\u00e9 \\(\\gamma\\) de \\(\\Gamma'\\) est de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons possibles le produit de commutateurs. On appelera longueur des commutateurs de \\(\\gamma\\) le nombre minimal de commutateurs n\u00e9cessaires pour exprimer \\(\\gamma\\); cet entier sera not\u00e9 \\(c_ \\Gamma(\\gamma)\\) ou simplement \\(c(\\gamma)\\).   En 1975, C. Edmunds a montr\u00e9 que la longueur des commutateurs est effectivement calculable dans les groupes libres. Un peu plus tard, R. Goldstein et E. Turner ainsi que M. Culler retrouvaient ce r\u00e9sultat en s'appuyant sur la topologie des surfaces; on propose dans la partie 2 une version \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de leurs algorithmes. En particulier la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 suivante r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une question de M. Newman: dans le groupe libre \u00e0 deux g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs \\(u\\) et \\(v\\)  \\[ c([u,v]^ n) = E(n/2) + 1 \\quad (n \\in \\mathbb{N}^*)\\tag{1} \\]  o\u00f9 \\(E\\) est la partie enti\u00e8re. Par exemple \\([u, v]^ 3\\) est le produit de deux commutateurs seulement, comme le prouve l'identit\u00e9 remarquable \\([u,v]^ 3 = [uvu^{-1}, v^{-1} uvu^{-2}] [v^{-1} uv, v^ 2]\\).   Cet article comprend trois parties. La premi\u00e8re contient une preuve \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de la formule (1) ainsi qu'une petite g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation. Dans la partie 2, on d\u00e9termine la longueur des commutateurs dans les groupes libres; on y consid\u00e8re \u00e9galement les produits de carr\u00e9s car ils s'interpr\u00e8tent topologiquement comme les produits de commutateurs (par des surfaces). 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