{"entities":{"Q1182817":{"pageid":1193566,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1182817","lastrevid":66783741,"modified":"2026-04-12T12:50:20Z","type":"item","id":"Q1182817","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The higher lower central series"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 32224"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$90954CEC-548C-4CE3-9EAA-8DA0EAD1FCEE","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"2ec92ba6ccc8f85771052d3c377eb386e37cb645","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The higher lower central series","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$C4CABFF2-11AF-445D-97E0-B29F63ED5D1E","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"f12d01d1f623e90eb579b68fceb5c01627482bb5","datavalue":{"value":"0753.20010","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$8CA93AD9-D5F1-4D51-B19E-74A4A04F9781","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"85b1c3585dc6830accd3aa7e4ca8e2225bc2f1a5","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF02773840","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$C209FC2E-3B9E-4327-8430-0798A6593E20","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"9c326b18c2b0415dbff92b6ac40b5cf6de3a68ab","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":798776,"id":"Q798776"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$029F9DF1-B13B-4CE5-8F33-A97D65371263","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"1d50f9b953eac0b2404563f86ad398ee3823cb48","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":173732,"id":"Q173732"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$E91A6784-8F81-41BE-8A5E-FA8AB56B3AE6","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"120787504bea9565def539fb4bfb19084956028b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1992-06-28T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$51A5700C-D6EF-4AB2-A1D7-7E2B1A3D3413","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"6a86cae9c33ab4f511c0a043ac18e296c44e7280","datavalue":{"value":"With every group \\(G\\) the author associates a family of groups \\(\\Gamma_ n(G)\\) each of which is equal to the \\(n\\)-th term \\(\\gamma_ n(U)\\) where \\(U\\) is a projective object in the category of epimorphisms \\(U\\twoheadrightarrow G\\) with the kernel in the \\(n\\)-th centre of \\(U\\). It is noticed that these groups coincide with R. Baer's invariants and thus can be applied to the study of the integral homology of \\(G\\), as well as to some other questions in group theory. Canonically, \\(\\Gamma_ n(G)\\twoheadrightarrow \\gamma_ n(G)\\) is a central extension and also, for \\(m\\geq n\\), we have canonical homomorphisms \\(\\Gamma_ m(G)\\twoheadrightarrow\\Gamma_ n(G)\\) which endow each \\(\\Gamma_ n(G)\\) with a central filtration and enable to apply Lie ring techniques developed in this case to a certain extent. As the main application the author presents an exact bound for the rank of \\(H_ 2(G)\\), \\(G\\) finitely generated nilpotent, in terms of E. Witt's numbers for the dimensions of homogeneous components in free Lie rings. The author remarks however that this estimate is essentially due to N. Blackburn -- L. Evans, 1979. Further, there are some estimates for the order of \\(\\Gamma_ n(G)\\) which is shown to be finite as soon as \\(G\\) is finite.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$513D6D5A-341A-44B3-AE7A-2CD108A1B40B","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7d267b79d7c375f7a21a0589ed85621f83aaaf2d","datavalue":{"value":"20F14","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$1084A382-0DFC-4BD1-90C0-4217222F23EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"38edcb0292ca371407c43c7b95485d4a53fb371f","datavalue":{"value":"20F40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$8B8D0EB7-9354-4FBD-A47F-8EE5699A948B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f91eac69ea2ec731b458b8ff3fee2957166ec86c","datavalue":{"value":"20J05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$7DB1F666-5E51-4ABB-B72B-D4A72BE3101D","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"81d8a65308485b8b28140caf3a2a6d4deef9c9c5","datavalue":{"value":"32224","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$B88E3084-4F8F-4483-882D-9CAB15A20A51","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c8f6cbaf5fbbc3b7f654fc1bb4eefce023e22826","datavalue":{"value":"projective object","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$9F457517-20F8-4716-98B3-F338C2429E12","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"52d50c2a118ceb57750eb6198487a72d1bde4d7e","datavalue":{"value":"category of epimorphisms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$6B41A6A2-D7EA-4D39-A689-9B1415D09228","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"09df663a8b2972d329922c77d460e62a3a56ee68","datavalue":{"value":"Baer's invariants","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$10716AAF-369A-485E-8779-16B4E8230F21","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"44541ed4ca37e92f3ec66a67eba649a210105a50","datavalue":{"value":"integral homology","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$60D9ACF1-82E7-45FC-80E3-FE7DBE248122","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"bf80d9836f8e5cd748d3c1a7657263f15f73d249","datavalue":{"value":"central extension","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$14990B41-0902-4DE6-840E-D48029A6CADD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8caccc3add9a8db5010248a15fd69a00e53b3938","datavalue":{"value":"central filtration","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$D4606EE9-A405-4ACB-80E1-747074034202","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"37d205c2bfb1dfe052d9974fcf797fac7542718e","datavalue":{"value":"Lie ring","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$37443FD9-A0B8-4781-A9AB-692B5BD1F98F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0a1e4ff47f63e800248fb24b5f72675d1dcc9ebe","datavalue":{"value":"finitely generated nilpotent","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$EBC6C6AF-703D-4BA7-9784-3FDED7AD29F2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8723d50dd3569ed8cdf62b93422bae852e5098de","datavalue":{"value":"homogeneous components","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$01C16ECA-52E4-49D5-9D43-C6E232A7CA96","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f9e639de588ad292b93e172ba71a7a23ca6efc41","datavalue":{"value":"free Lie rings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$2B632339-1408-456A-9BB8-1B110BD379B4","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$63CF5CA6-B30F-40B1-85D2-C24C52FA287D","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e032a0431ddb0f965c87fa14189d34e71db22fa2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5840079,"id":"Q5840079"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$66C8BE61-698B-461F-9F36-7587B24F7734","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b476007ed1306652094a1148da61705202060475","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2649751,"id":"Q2649751"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$9DA1EFE6-2222-4F90-8885-75D5D0725138","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"20137d26f279e15604d7cc928e98c4f78dcb30d7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":796622,"id":"Q796622"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$75E6B3A0-2FAF-4F39-980A-5794A1B04BDF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8706e1705d76ff498cc61e0675320ce14ce95baa","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4192240,"id":"Q4192240"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$900DCE0C-85F4-4050-8EEE-A476804D4F3B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4e5dd9ff80faed069592eacd5d5cf63b92c20623","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2541369,"id":"Q2541369"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$DBA7DD89-8E5E-41B8-9174-F991B3EB283C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3d104daba7123c73b77fa9ca7dadfdee474d6020","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2647188,"id":"Q2647188"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$145D9787-75DA-4F2D-97EE-F721DB792189","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"877d205b058a0541692339d8fb646ebe026af5c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5826950,"id":"Q5826950"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$B5CCB67A-B9AB-4ABB-98B7-43DA623C5E4A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cf07dc5ff97b719c9f628b75d5b31c39eff55290","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1240798,"id":"Q1240798"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$E12C1DCE-A403-416E-B649-1E2A2EB9548D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b6229eee9384874075ce9c106f9ebaecc29df05e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5647075,"id":"Q5647075"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$1DFE659B-4E26-45FC-A08B-849258CC95C8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5c99f1d7d1762d19070bee94be8b99928317dc1e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1100288,"id":"Q1100288"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$74FE2CFE-54CB-49D6-B1C4-3D6E9CFB13C4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f4d0fc01f780dcfcbcbfb32a568df7cd9aaced7f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3198000,"id":"Q3198000"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$112A70EB-141E-4DEC-B665-AB28045EF8EC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"48e47717e1446230a942d7873a73b16e3b1e3403","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1911338,"id":"Q1911338"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$ECA4DBEF-3AD3-4111-B157-3CC5855F8933","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cdf4fc1407d85730f9058c8268da7343b31f93c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3697214,"id":"Q3697214"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$7AF2850A-1B38-4819-BE7F-F91AB65A5592","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"67518ed21582b53b6e55f572bb3300c505e59eb2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5341863,"id":"Q5341863"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1182817$418A9A5E-AB4C-4054-91EC-C528AF020038","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9d3f6a9cc652b61eabaebbfecff740a0d106d40b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3198000,"id":"Q3198000"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"99a490b779c1c3145eaadfade8a25c5b01a0d0be","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7814179062843323","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1182817$C80E8355-7EEB-40F4-B96E-9496354805A8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1e28554eee60094d9afa82c8f3d05019536a964d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2746919,"id":"Q2746919"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"060523e3e8327bf18a9cafaaa6d6b316968543a0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7747814059257507","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1182817$4A26372B-5CB0-4092-9475-6CA3E776F4BD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1ce809d6334cda066d7440f6e2397f3d6a929dda","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2016862,"id":"Q2016862"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"33e0bfc596058704d1df48d4c8da6328ee8e97fd","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7656952142715454","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1182817$37E0FCE7-0BE0-4805-9EC1-C547426589C2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"485f068829f2496a553b4ff5fea33b7f0d5c2642","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2723473,"id":"Q2723473"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cb1a51859c0fc16fa32e02a809f630ac4a5e3650","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7592542767524719","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1182817$53F2B9AB-5120-4227-9D3F-05A90CFEE0C3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3c10ab8bf4e724b41af800d9a2e707466d6064b2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4707482,"id":"Q4707482"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6008ca5e6fcbc6e36a8d3f16d013283405436d4c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7564059495925903","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1182817$4F537991-8B66-499F-A40A-78122F7039AE","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The higher lower central series","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_higher_lower_central_series"}}}}}