{"entities":{"Q1184099":{"pageid":1194848,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1184099","lastrevid":66297330,"modified":"2026-04-12T08:56:26Z","type":"item","id":"Q1184099","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Fusions of a probability distribution"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 34064"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$6E805B97-DA41-4C28-A774-C6674F87C77F","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"54a4ddfb9c46727b7bbb4bd15e3f0b6f2d298e9d","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Fusions of a probability distribution","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$5E68723F-976F-4EEA-B643-9684F304CC22","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"c272c8832be29ff7a670540dfc3d588500c8fd16","datavalue":{"value":"0747.60009","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$85E090EA-431D-487F-A5CD-6BD48E48FE59","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"c9d829dece3e2d330deed49a6cb836edc666e294","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":107063,"id":"Q107063"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$4344C17F-CC22-48EF-97A5-77257B96FA9F","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"120787504bea9565def539fb4bfb19084956028b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1992-06-28T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$E2E8B86A-1CCF-4FE0-9B91-57429FD7FE56","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d2af76d61b1634801efa041ba82d6752bbe0a9e0","datavalue":{"value":"The authors study a new concept: The fusions of a probability. To make the results more accessible, we shall present (unlike the authors) only the finite-dimensional case. So, \\(X\\) is \\(R^n\\) (they consider any Banach separable space) and \\({\\mathcal P}\\) is the convex set of all the probabilistic measures on \\({\\mathcal B}(X)\\). If \\(A\\) is a Borel set and \\(P\\) is from \\({\\mathcal P}\\), the barycenter of \\(A\\) with respect to \\(P\\) is the point \\(b=b(A,P)=(\\int_A x\\,dP(x))/P(A)\\) provided that \\(P(A)\\neq 0\\) and the integral exists. Fix a \\(P\\) from \\({\\mathcal P}\\). Let \\(A\\in{\\mathcal B}(X)\\) and \\(0\\leq t\\leq 1\\). Define \\(Q_{A,t}(P)\\) as \\(P\\) if \\(tP(A)=0\\) and as \\(P\\mid_{A^c}+tP(A)\\delta(b(A,P))+(1-t)P\\mid_A\\) otherwise, provided that \\(A\\) has a barycenter. Say that \\(Q_{A,t}(P)\\) is the elementary fusion of \\(P\\) given \\(A\\) and \\(t\\). Let \\({\\mathcal E}(P)\\) be the set of all elementary fusions of \\(P\\), let \\({\\mathcal S}(P)\\) be the set of all the probabilities which can be obtained from \\(P\\) by using a finite number of elementary fusions \\(({\\mathcal S}(P)={\\mathcal E}(P)\\cup{\\mathcal E}({\\mathcal E}(P))\\cup{\\mathcal E}({\\mathcal E}({\\mathcal E}(P)))\\cup\\dots\\;)\\). Finally, let \\({\\mathcal F}(P)\\) be the weak closure of \\({\\mathcal S}(P)\\). A \\(Q\\) from \\({\\mathcal F}(P)\\) is called a fusion of \\(P\\).   Now the set \\({\\mathcal F}(P)\\) has remarkable properties. It is convex; a fusion of a fusion of \\(P\\) is again a fusion of \\(P\\); if \\(P\\) has a barycenter and \\(Q\\in{\\mathcal F}(P)\\), then \\(Q\\) has the same barycenter; if \\(P\\) has no barycenter, strange things may happen (if \\(X=R\\) and \\(P=\\) the Cauchy distribution, then any distribution is a fusion of \\(P\\)!); if \\(P\\) has a first moment (i.e. \\(\\int \\| x\\| \\,dP(x)<\\infty)\\), then \\({\\mathcal F}(P)\\) is tight and conversely; if \\(Q\\in{\\mathcal F}(P)\\), then there must exist a dilation of \\(X\\), \\(\\mu\\), such that \\(P=\\mu Q\\) (it makes beautiful connections with the Choquet theory); the converse does not necessarily hold; if \\(P\\) is a fusion of \\(Q\\) and \\(Q\\) is a fusion of \\(P\\) and either has first moments, then \\(P=Q\\).   If \\(P\\) has a first moment, the results are even nicer. So, \\(Q\\) is a fusion of \\(P\\) iff there exists a dilation of \\(X\\) such that \\(P=\\mu Q\\). This is a strong continuation of the Cartier-Fell-Meyer theorem [\\textit{P. Cartier}, \\textit{J. M. G. Fell} and \\textit{P.-A. Meyer}, Bull. Soc. Math. France 92, 435--445 (1965; Zbl 0154.39402)]. Some applications in cost-reward problems are given.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$831FB069-53F6-46B7-84EB-6BB676D3BFD2","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e5e85210ff938136bc18753b35bd2894d7d11990","datavalue":{"value":"60B05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$917A41DA-D973-44F2-9E58-F54C5A0B7DF4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5ed4d55e3e61150aa8fe2d0b34dd7ca7ed0b67ce","datavalue":{"value":"60G42","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$32979BAC-7625-41D4-9E17-6FBEA2D02050","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"8e959d49665d70beaad24715ba53120f68a946f0","datavalue":{"value":"34064","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$B45F4D2D-E6D9-4DE5-A664-A3C4BC8A88DB","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"faa334e82da79e3e1d5f52c86a6379449d846e2f","datavalue":{"value":"convex domination","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$413AD2E7-503D-4C74-B89F-64C38B5873C8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"69ee7d4cde74b181b4fb208249d48c393b742686","datavalue":{"value":"majorization","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$F4B5A831-729E-436C-AC1B-74755145DC9B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6dd879934818972beaef6aecddff2fad7b107327","datavalue":{"value":"balayage","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$C087015D-7B2E-4900-A6E3-44ECFFEFEDE7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ada8d30f2ef08fc8cb2c5d1f7da969abbc27918a","datavalue":{"value":"dilation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$17653DA9-99AC-4316-B55B-ABCCE6AC78ED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e58366a712902d7c471d3888b780f7e0efb6b9ac","datavalue":{"value":"martingalizability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$81C3C865-5C7B-4D97-B4F5-7370B4BF37E9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"21fe3d9ec0b2e0bfc3ff6bbbb9f3c66d6f73abce","datavalue":{"value":"Choquet theory","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$226C0E07-BFF7-44BD-8E62-00938A89E0C7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"053158dd36888248d1a99464768e24ea792f714e","datavalue":{"value":"fusions of a probability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$FF75EE3B-3416-43ED-8E09-A99494D314CB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"4d19dffe417a3324140d9f6dab90296df06ad145","datavalue":{"value":"Cauchy distribution","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$8231CB40-2B91-4D91-83CF-9E6B406BCE45","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2126e08f1104a1dd4c9557d4748dc17131418d80","datavalue":{"value":"Cartier-Fell-Meyer theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$331B9181-AC78-438A-86F7-297B50BB6F48","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8bb484ae092b15fb6404838f5b1b1c6279068fb0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":641539,"id":"Q641539"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$D1D723A1-F695-4E41-87A7-ADAFE10DEFF9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"e5170293a1534be5118ac3915ca7c2d683370667","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":239854,"id":"Q239854"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$ADCADBDD-DF70-4D45-8F45-A9F32D261E44","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"54e534ff2633bffe9e135c198f8790b1466b1e54","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1765904,"id":"Q1765904"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$0858157B-D514-4332-9B52-B94E25961DAF","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$0898FF00-BC76-4C73-8791-808CE483EC9B","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"ca063ce9b6f9bb81d9a5489663d853cfca7570f9","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1214/aop/1176989936","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$93E2D37E-A03E-4217-9F98-AC301A0EF0EB","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"b9b349d2d17ec59bf44e84765d310fa2c307e10e","datavalue":{"value":"W1981356461","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$41793C97-99A9-4D69-B66B-E5E034041AA5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"bd9209173f7a18b9070eceb4d60ef785c78a76b0","datavalue":{"value":"10.1214/AOP/1176989936","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1184099$1A63D39A-4609-497B-8A2F-BDAED915926E","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3aae65d7ae0f928bb010fc019186ede2e44c1c87","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3362246,"id":"Q3362246"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"481ab3c000ad4e13e3d63e0b24e5a77c1f4c2902","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8839545249938965","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1184099$B8D1F83C-436D-48E5-A72C-95F0D39DCB26","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4bf714ba8bf8661d7647ce8defbcada89e577961","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3842427,"id":"Q3842427"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0184a6a285eb43fd4890e39c55ab92c33f30c108","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8610479235649109","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1184099$B5D3E40E-5501-4BC5-B387-45A18D6140DF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a67d80d725e3d530f87550a53856c32d2096002e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5147001,"id":"Q5147001"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ad49dfa4088f4212606cd596ac39f258ec3f2692","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8600857853889465","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1184099$F44F51D5-0B06-4D6A-962D-24C27FA94399","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f457d084546460242b681a09ae3588a8c513b30f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3004376,"id":"Q3004376"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5ba5fa031538a4a8a21af1553b7cd9de564b3459","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7543465495109558","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1184099$E9704F56-8DA1-4DE2-BE41-52AB0EB18A82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3059d8bf3da27bbbc8f70aeb3dca726ad3afa221","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4557945,"id":"Q4557945"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c9980155f7c18dfc2fb1ce6935d81b022aeb4f1b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7345341444015503","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1184099$002CA057-8B85-4BA2-B2A6-E1BAA9B1BEF3","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Fusions of a probability distribution","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Fusions_of_a_probability_distribution"}}}}}