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The main results are as follows:   Let \\(A\\) be a set of structured tree-ordinals. \\(\\text{T-WHILE}(A)\\) is a set of functions (denoted by programs) built from sequencing, conditionals and terminating while-loops which use tree parameters \\(\\alpha\\in A\\). \\(\\text{HARDY}(A)\\) is, by Theorem I, an equivalent formulation, based on a Kleene-style presentation which includes primitive recursion and adds in the set \\(H(A)\\) of Hardy functionals \\(\\{H_ \\alpha: \\alpha\\in A\\}\\). \\(\\text{REC}(A)\\) is a set of functions defined by composition, conditionals and nested recursions which use parameters from \\(A\\). Theorem II establishes that, provided \\(A\\) satisfies suitable conditions such as Turing-machine representability and closure under addition and multiplication,  \\[ \\text{T- WHILE}(A)\\equiv\\text{ELEM}(H(A))\\equiv\\text{SPACE}(H(A)). \\]  Theorem III tells us that under somewhat weaker conditions on \\(A\\), \\(\\text{REC}(\\omega\\cdot A)\\equiv\\text{T-WHILE}(\\omega^ A)\\), and is a generalization of a theorem of Tait showing nested recursions over a given well-ordering can be compiled to unnested ones but at the cost of an exponential increase in the size of the well-ordering. Some applications of these theorems are given at the end of the paper, for example:  \\[ \\begin{aligned}\\text{REC}(\\omega\\cdot N) & \\equiv \\text{WHILE}(\\omega^ N)\\\\& \\equiv\\text{PRIMITIVE RECURSIVE}\\\\ \\text{REC}(E) & \\equiv \\text{WHILE}(E)\\equiv\\text{SPACE}(E)\\\\ &\\equiv \\text{PROVABLY RECURSIVE in PA},\\end{aligned} \\]  where \\(N\\) is the set of finite tree-ordinals and \\(E\\) is the closure of \\(N\\) under exponentiation.   The first author has subsequently shown that under the weaker conditions, \\(\\text{PROV}(\\lvdash^{\\omega\\cdot A}_{\\Sigma^ 0_ 1 C})\\equiv\\text{REC}(\\omega\\cdot A)\\), where \\(\\text{PROV}(\\lvdash^ A_{\\Sigma^ 0_ 1 C})\\) is the set of functions which have a totality proof in \\(\\omega\\)-logic with \\(\\Sigma^ 0_ 1\\) cut-rank and ordinal bound in 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