{"entities":{"Q1198557":{"pageid":1209306,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1198557","lastrevid":66340656,"modified":"2026-04-12T09:27:06Z","type":"item","id":"Q1198557","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Some inequalities with local times in zero of a Brownian motion"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 90025"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$A02A0AD0-6B0F-4C53-B342-570608A23F28","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"acb5a64b36cbbf6f388b11fef4f3af2a3643ee35","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Some inequalities with local times in zero of a Brownian motion","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$B3BC1894-AE3F-44F0-83F2-F1AE769B97D2","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"67c6a8e50bf35119e7b4fdd3db7884c7e9e6a0ce","datavalue":{"value":"0754.60089","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$F3DB74BC-1D7A-4F63-B405-947203D3FDD5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"79aaf08c577e59790c751d10f15cb742d1155799","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0304-4149(92)90150-O","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$EA2411AD-A3E3-4E68-938E-CC578F2F515F","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"0a7f38bff7197b9d5228d1d2cd340d5028d13b61","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":61365,"id":"Q61365"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$0F5D3312-EBEB-479C-A46A-3E1A1BF26240","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"be1a65edbb43ce1fc59464f99e70afbd93e8e2a0","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1993-01-16T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1198557$B4CF15DB-014A-43B5-9018-3C6FD02AD413","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"c60df14f38af750a07565df85e1b73f6e0dd846c","datavalue":{"value":"Consider \\(B=(B_ t, t\\geq 0)\\), a real-valued Brownian motion started at 0, and let \\(L=(L_ t, t\\geq 0)\\) be its local time process at the level 0. This long and interesting article focusses on a number of inequalities involving \\(B\\) and \\(L\\) evaluated at certain stopping times. First, consider \\(\\mu\\), a centered probability measure on \\(\\mathbb{R}\\) (i.e. \\(\\langle\\mu,| x|\\rangle<\\infty\\), \\(\\langle\\mu,x\\rangle=0\\)) with \\(\\mu(\\{0\\})=0\\). Skorokhod's problem consists of searching for a stopping time \\(T\\) in the natural filtration of \\(B\\), such that the stopped Brownian motion \\((B_{T\\land t}, t\\geq 0)\\) is a uniformly integrable martingale and \\(B_ T\\overset{(d)}=\\mu\\). Denote by \\({\\mathcal T}_ \\mu\\) the set of stopping times that solve Skorokhod's problem for \\(\\mu\\). In a previous paper, the author [S\u00e9min. de probabilit\u00e9s XVII, Proc. 1981/82, Lect. Notes Math. 986, 227-239 (1983; Zbl 0512.60071)] obtained the following solution. There exist \\(h_ \\mu\\) and \\(k_ \\mu\\), two nonnegative nondecreasing functions on \\([0,\\infty)\\) such that \\(T_ \\mu=T(h_ \\mu,k_ \\mu)\\in{\\mathcal T}_ \\mu\\), where \\[ T(h,k)=\\inf\\{t: B^ +_ t=h(L_ t)\\quad\\text{or}\\quad B^ -_ t=k(L_ t)\\}. \\] Here, the author shows that \\(T_ \\mu\\) is the unique solution such that, for all convex functions \\(\\varphi\\): \\[ E(\\varphi(L_ T))\\leq E(\\varphi(L_{T_ \\mu})),\\quad\\text{for all}\\quad T\\in{\\mathcal T}_ \\mu.\\tag{*} \\] Similarly, there exist \\(\\hat h_ \\mu\\) and \\(\\hat k_ \\mu\\) nonincreasing functions on \\([0,\\infty)\\) such that \\(\\hat T_ \\mu=T(\\hat h_ \\mu,\\hat k_ \\mu)\\) is the unique solution of Skorokhod's problem which fulfills \\[ E(\\varphi(L_{\\hat T_ \\mu}))\\leq E(\\varphi(L_ T)),\\quad\\text{for all}\\quad T\\in{\\mathcal T}_ \\mu,\\leqno(*)^ \\land \\] for every convex function \\(\\varphi\\). The author specifies also the convex functions \\(\\varphi\\) for which \\((*)\\) (respectively \\((*)^ \\land\\)) characterizes \\(T_ \\mu\\) (respectively \\(\\hat T_ \\mu\\)). All this can be extended to the case when \\(\\mu(\\{0\\})\\) is positive. The extremal solutions \\(T_ \\mu\\) and \\(\\hat T_ \\mu\\) are then used to deduce inequalities between \\(L_ T\\) and \\(B_ T\\), where \\(T\\) is any stopping time such that \\(\\{B_{T\\land t}, t\\geq 0)\\) is a uniformly integrable martingale. The idea is to consider the law \\(\\mu\\) of \\(B_ T\\) and the corresponding stopping times \\(T_ \\mu\\) and \\(\\hat T_ \\mu\\), and to apply \\((*)\\) and \\((*)^ \\land\\). Hardy's transform and Hardy- Littlewood's inequality plays an important part in this approach. One gets \\[ E((L_ T)^ p)\\leq p^ p E(| B_ T|^ p)\\quad\\text{when}\\quad p>1 \\] [this was first proven by \\textit{J. Az\u00e9ma} and \\textit{M. Yor} in ``Temps locaux'', Ast\u00e9risque 52-53, 3-16 (1978; Zbl 0385.60063)] and \\[ E(| B_ T|^ p)\\leq p^{-p} E((L_ T)^ p)\\quad\\text{when}\\quad 0