{"entities":{"Q1208286":{"pageid":1219035,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1208286","lastrevid":69889365,"modified":"2026-04-13T11:01:47Z","type":"item","id":"Q1208286","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Product of diagonal elements of matrices"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 166236"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$FB70C256-0831-417A-BF58-D5A6AFFA62C2","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"3694fbe61f50e1c4b428a2f335e6e5f38efe4853","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Product of diagonal elements of matrices","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$0B54BD62-132C-4641-9F41-CF222120EFF6","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"177c3f585fc8b0a754ad43ffece51d9f970a7b62","datavalue":{"value":"0774.15017","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$D56A5028-8103-4FB2-85F3-52EB468334DF","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"3695de38f20b11adc2760d27f531be06ecef6b4e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0024-3795(93)90340-T","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$3A26198F-592F-4D6E-8C4E-3BA0CD68180D","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"7008d11f46251d6947acb727b667f6bb808c26c1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":306981,"id":"Q306981"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$43E48379-CD03-4429-B929-DB8BDB0FF5E1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"7f96545b52e7f1ee95f155659f7dc8463d4e2154","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":171541,"id":"Q171541"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$3EBAAC91-50AB-4D00-AB5A-1F792F43459E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"00695eab26f15270ed6125e2c2669e94d38fc30a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":306982,"id":"Q306982"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$B25F90C9-F4C2-4644-8ADF-1CF919FAC74C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"8de031de05325b44570d0c47c3ec8813873d565c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":92813,"id":"Q92813"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$7C5FA36A-FD90-4B98-9263-CF2FC88E0B5B","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"1772b6c81a5108c06854e0de4518fb90e5a6ebdc","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1993-05-16T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$CC33DB4F-D25A-46FC-B7EA-5A899FD9AD91","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"3f25f9342ca2e1a57772ecf4ac9ffc44cd45b9a7","datavalue":{"value":"For \\(A \\in \\mathbb{C}^{n \\times n}\\) and \\(1 \\leq k \\leq n\\) one defines the \\(k\\)th generalized numerical range  \\[ W^ \\Pi_ k(A):=\\left\\{ \\prod^ k_{i=1}u^*_ iAu_ i |\\;\\{u_ 1,\\dots,u_ k\\}\\quad\\text{an orthonormal set}\\right\\}. \\]  For \\(k=1\\) this is the usual numerical range \\(W^ \\Pi_ 1(A)=W(A)\\). In the present paper the geometrical properties of \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) are studied. To this end the authors introduce two further sets:  \\[ D^ \\Pi_ k(A):=\\left\\{ \\prod^ k_{i=1}u^*_ iAv_ i |\\;\\{u_ 1,\\dots,u_ k\\},\\;\\{v_ 1,\\dots,v_ k\\}\\quad \\text{ orthonormal sets}\\right\\}. \\]   \\[ P^ \\Pi_ k(A):=\\left\\{ \\prod^ s_{i=1}\\left[ {1 \\over \\# N_ i} \\sum_{j \\in N_ i} \\lambda_ i \\right]^{\\# N_ i} |\\;\\# (N_ 1 {\\overset \\cdot \\cup} \\cdots {\\overset \\cdot \\cup} N_ s)=k\\right\\}, \\]  where \\(\\overset \\cdot \\cup\\) denotes the disjoint union of sets and \\(\\lambda_ 1,\\cdots,\\lambda_ n\\) are the eigenvalues of \\(A\\); observe that \\(P^ \\Pi_ 1(A)\\) is the spectrum \\(P(A)\\) of \\(A\\).   It is shown that \\(P^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\subseteq W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\subseteq D^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) and that the latter set is the disc with centre 0 and radius \\(\\left[{1 \\over k}\\sum^ k_{i=1}\\sigma_ i(A)\\right]^ k\\) (here \\(\\sigma_ i(A)\\) denotes the \\(i\\)th singular value of \\(A)\\). Further, \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A) \\subseteq W(A)^ k:=\\left\\{ \\prod^ k_{i=1}z_ i | z_ 1,\\dots,z_ k \\in W(A) \\right\\}\\). In fact, \\(0\\in W^ \\Pi_ k(A) \\Leftrightarrow 0 \\in W(A)\\). For the case where \\(A=I=iH\\), \\(H=H^*\\), a complete description of \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) is given in terms of the eigenvalues of \\(H\\), and a sufficient condition is obtained in order that \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) is star-shaped.   Next, some results are derived involving special boundary points of \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\), e.g. (i) If \\(\\left({1 \\over n} \\text{tr} A \\right)^ k \\in \\partial W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\), then \\({1 \\over n}\\text{tr} A \\in \\partial W(A)\\) and \\(\\mu A+\\nu I\\) is Hermitian for some \\(0 \\neq \\mu\\), \\(\\nu\\) (in certain cases the converse holds as well) or (ii) If \\(A\\) is lower triangular and \\(z \\in \\partial W^ \\Pi_ k(A) \\cap P^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) then \\(A\\) is permutationally similar to \\(D \\oplus B\\), \\(D\\) a diagonal matrix (the size of \\(D\\) depends on \\(z)\\).   Further, results are presented where the set \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) has a corner or where the set \\(\\partial D^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\cap W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) is nonempty. Finally, it is proved that for \\(A=A^*\\) the set \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) is a closed interval \\([m,M]\\) and it is shown that \\(W^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\not\\subset \\text{co} P^ \\Pi_ k(A)\\) for \\(A=\\text{diag}(i,- i,1,\\dots,1) \\in \\mathbb{C}^{n\\times n}\\), \\(n \\geq 3\\), thus refuting a conjecture of \\textit{M. Marcus} [Indiana Univ. Math. J. 22, 1137-1149 (1973; Zbl 0255.15020)].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$384E1360-E5AC-49C3-8D0E-931AE4B1EEA6","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"de015211c641081855981090b49964fceb04e0c6","datavalue":{"value":"15A60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$446016D0-58E5-4A6B-9333-A7DC4326B60C","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"726b9c681ad4ea6bf8a3862dcebf8868d2125018","datavalue":{"value":"166236","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$E28AE614-4998-400B-B226-CB7E379955EB","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0946895e8770f26c6a1bfde96ad9fbb35ce8d9e8","datavalue":{"value":"convexity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$3A3855CA-F07B-46C1-B9FB-1FD055D94512","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2fb8515eaf594e1843f09a5fef0b8325402ab052","datavalue":{"value":"simple connectedness","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$0F62F4BD-D452-47FC-A204-CDBE220540BF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"43e72f18a6d6d4af9d0b64b4577421c0d9b7a93b","datavalue":{"value":"counterexamples","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$1EB76CF1-65B7-45F1-8238-36AEFA4C4E71","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b2aa777578fa2d6c31ec5ab3c9cb1fc5fe89b887","datavalue":{"value":"product of diagonal elements","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$81536042-01F1-408C-B42B-0A805C34844F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"60c5937beeb4931a6e2453271df1ae6885b4d6f7","datavalue":{"value":"generalized numerical range","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$C3CC2E89-0CB6-4B8C-9AE5-447831FD90C9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"05b6e2af1f3cb903829cb3b859401586d366823e","datavalue":{"value":"star-shaped","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$97CD600B-555A-42CC-B5C6-FDA60DACAB88","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"2060cafbc72788c0ad5325d3b02a7cc1f45fad76","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1260579,"id":"Q1260579"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$2FE241C1-E537-40F5-8C2A-49BD8663EB02","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$2AC0950F-A35C-441C-AF71-B1C050A5325C","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fe3f076d6c347421c94147e0bddcaa6a59d55251","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3697157,"id":"Q3697157"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$9AA1A674-8CCB-4AB9-90A2-BA63D83EBE93","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"bb72e52c6f716abd508f3f168a29cdf8fe34db3f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4040931,"id":"Q4040931"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$9639266C-13B3-4698-89A8-A93917DAC16D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fcfd8576ac5a3e39df323bac14c137c7552469f9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5654173,"id":"Q5654173"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1208286$DA5D7833-FE3F-421A-B87E-20AB3E6DBAE4","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b7e587929e7c84e016d3c33047f58dae88fd9834","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3204606,"id":"Q3204606"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"825355bb648c7a5596099e8f19e0fb1998b14a4f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7951437830924988","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1208286$4F25ADC7-B879-47E8-A224-26BE157CE43D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3757d5fba1c10121c05b57ce828344f63f21ba46","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3792819,"id":"Q3792819"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d12d59621be364c19cd2fbe1e2094b72199a2c6c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7774986624717712","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1208286$780F3209-A45C-431C-B36E-E7B98312710B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b5e03d1fbd49bc36991751a926d365d4e76ed971","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4013320,"id":"Q4013320"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"12b6f29e54d8696acf0a0a687284d97541f80172","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7656078934669495","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1208286$321E2B47-B1B6-4E72-A93B-6C3CDF7FC739","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"aad7ba86968c738791f9e75ece1e8bda56bfaf2d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":442673,"id":"Q442673"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"121be2192dcdac55b952d501815c835b815aaeb2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7577006816864014","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1208286$38E3CA66-5CB2-403C-8B34-AE01462C2414","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"95240179e179d622ca8544cfe198be3ef3178c59","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3360324,"id":"Q3360324"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a527660e70f0a844f9c05c1b1911aeef4d7c2a25","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7552703022956848","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1208286$B3CE2820-041B-4A6B-B61E-B14E63C56191","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Product of diagonal elements of matrices","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Product_of_diagonal_elements_of_matrices"}}}}}