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The basis of these methods consists in the application of Lyapunov-Floquet transformation and simplification techniques such as center manifold reduction and time-dependent normal form theory. More specifically, in the first section it is shown that a set of linear second-order equations with periodic coefficients can be transformed to an equivalent set of time-invariant second-order equations by an application of a sequence of transformations. It is also shown that a time-periodic quadratic Hamiltonian can be transformed to a time-invariant Hamiltonian by extending this idea.   In the second part the authors study time-invariant forms of nonlinear equations. 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