{"entities":{"Q1270580":{"pageid":1281330,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1270580","lastrevid":68682489,"modified":"2026-04-13T01:24:34Z","type":"item","id":"Q1270580","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On the three critical points theorem"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1218089"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$32AF7996-0C99-409A-A251-299A7924AF59","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"01c46a1740c0ca833f5eb6a34d0af8f41ea7b9ef","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On the three critical points theorem","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$4A66790F-0D51-4E83-B9C2-070BCB625FDD","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"78c9c7932ef4184e33c66700ba6976e3a5490d19","datavalue":{"value":"0920.58016","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$D067961A-03D9-497D-9920-DE9C6063180D","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"6a4b994e1a05f7fd3dba309a99fca33ce4f6520b","datavalue":{"value":"10.12775/TMNA.1998.006","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$5B9FF417-99D3-44C2-8A35-A288E55540BD","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"6d7e2d6cc7fbc688bd748a15f6e4ac73fd361c63","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":488129,"id":"Q488129"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$CD34A427-FA66-4D6C-BE33-F392A0EBDC24","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"e66f6667604971ea80e6784635e1b736d4e59b18","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":360531,"id":"Q360531"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$9D1FA82E-A259-410B-B85C-0DD7C3D6F1C4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d4a9c293b5442abdffce2885ef455c03d875cd8d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":589955,"id":"Q589955"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$1E4F14EA-2120-461C-9D02-030102EDB180","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"01eb2c5e259132ef0dfbc372164f95043947edb0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":172113,"id":"Q172113"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$7B716E5E-40EF-42D9-A099-D9700480DCF6","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"8e8d9e89658a8e2f6dce60f1d6614a42f4e608c3","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1999-01-11T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$B5FD428A-B6D4-45A7-BE02-5239EA0C9AC8","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"a83ed1e0afa4e5cb58abdb087f849f18756f5c8a","datavalue":{"value":"The authors prove a new version of the ``three critical points theorem'', previously obtained by some authors (M. A. Krasnosel'skij, K. C. Chang, and others). The main result of the paper is the following    Theorem. Let \\(\\varphi:X\\to \\mathbb{R}\\) be a \\(C^1\\) functional defined on the Banach space \\(X\\), bounded from below and satisfying the Palais-Smale condition. Let \\(m\\) be the infimum of \\(\\varphi\\) and assume that \\(\\varphi\\) admits an essential critical value \\(c>m\\). Then either \\(\\varphi\\) admits at least three critical points, or the set of minimum points of \\(\\varphi\\) is noncontractible in itself. In particular, \\(\\varphi\\) has at least three critical points.    A real number \\(c\\) is an essential critical value for \\(\\varphi\\) if there exists \\(\\varepsilon >0\\) such that the sublevel \\(\\varphi^{c-\\varepsilon}\\) is not a strong deformation retract of the sublevel \\(\\varphi^{c+\\varepsilon}\\).    The theorem above is then applied to the existence of nontrivial solutions of the Hammerstein equation  \\[ x(t)= \\int_\\Omega k(t,s) f(s,x(s))ds, \\]  where \\(\\Omega\\) is a bounded domain in \\(\\mathbb{R}^n\\), \\(k(t,s): \\Omega\\times \\Omega\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) is a measurable, symmetric kernel and \\(f(s,u): \\Omega\\times \\mathbb{R}\\) is a Carath\u00e9odory function. The solutions of the Hammerstein equations are characterized as the critical points of a suitable functional on the Hilbert space \\(L^2(\\Omega)\\). Using the previous abstract result, the authors show that, under suitable assumptions on the data \\(k(t,s)\\) and \\(f(x,u)\\), the Hammerstein equation admits two nontrivial solutions.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$08EF133A-E914-4203-B8D8-8F2B4FF1DCDF","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"20fa50569309ec8b384f89085ce43da238839a6a","datavalue":{"value":"58E05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$44C59A24-260B-4103-9466-7844E1D5C766","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4059770b895a4bd7561f24aa8c3c45a991a04a11","datavalue":{"value":"45G10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$DFD53511-F1B9-449D-BA01-E9FF0E60C357","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"eaec1bc3a469eb7b0792952d4d2eb7b7b9925e1b","datavalue":{"value":"47H30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$05FF03C6-FAEB-43EC-8B66-1DFE0D8E41F2","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"2299c8e0e4e47510fb50b60bc4ff5412cc6b202a","datavalue":{"value":"1218089","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$6FA9952E-FBFF-4F36-B616-71D20EC0BC71","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7e40c219fcfad8f50878278fa79a218bfebb0533","datavalue":{"value":"3 critical points theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$5B8770BE-2E88-4EE0-A964-E097082FA6BC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"afd66d58f598e68d7d06d06075c84827f4ac2514","datavalue":{"value":"Hammerstein equation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$950CDA3E-3F71-4E83-B556-5EDBDFB1F65F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"8d9df4cf30c7e2766e2809b06c7e1ce5f284e00b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":202236,"id":"Q202236"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$C8C5287A-A350-4332-8465-16584DFFDACE","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1270580$63018FBF-3784-4F09-B458-3776218E755F","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5551fa1e6774df9b4e7c10f92985df7c76584b1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1590721,"id":"Q1590721"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"837b27582ff95f420774471120416f6cf2f57f73","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9968798","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$06D9B1B0-9845-4650-A34B-FE54B9625332","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2300a1cf9fb49ff2cb805c6b64a5cbeda478ce5d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1009620,"id":"Q1009620"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"015599ec2e6fc6ac71a27b323b1c2ea195d57144","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.96744764","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$23B213C9-E0C6-4774-9BCD-D2AC4E692C63","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fe7399acaa0587a0d01f131f3550d2af1c0dc869","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1399945,"id":"Q1399945"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"07992747235402d7c2a466dabe3afe7deb1ecac8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9639087","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$5CF5573D-900E-4FF1-9CB5-EDCBCD7BB093","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bfcbd4957db84e763189d4eb32867222360cfdf5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3651023,"id":"Q3651023"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e8bca53943d64bf4e1be42993880559227b59ae4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9559059","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$41D1125B-A035-4E3A-A6BB-4C6D50544B82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ec2c06bf27a34b520268a9e4ab15a06fac7be3fe","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":642607,"id":"Q642607"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2b77de82663ab7aac5532ee2295b810c72014d09","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9534576","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$A49C597E-201C-4C71-838A-BF82316CCD55","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d5f398aa0e3f3c82d69b42996b57ef0f96d7c360","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":678065,"id":"Q678065"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b02e8e7c749429b99b4dd5c5d163880cc2aa49b7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.944101","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$B8C8EB50-B63D-410A-92E5-45BB600FEB5B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ceb523f43c28988e423d9bf9c1c9c4ae767b8149","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":412654,"id":"Q412654"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"42de616e56bfa1006dbe75554466c499f762425b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9401004","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$7A18C4FF-CA9C-4BD0-9971-B3B2D2ECBAF5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"dce547123b5b6993dc3156e6b518d1b203f67d37","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1876354,"id":"Q1876354"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"59261ec07fc03f0b92f3d8a30d67dc9bd725b8d9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.91235137","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1270580$03B76C47-99AA-42C2-AB3D-8E9FC1EE76D9","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"On the three critical points theorem","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/On_the_three_critical_points_theorem"}}}}}