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The authors motivation for this definition (and terminology) comes from the down and up operators on \\((q,r)\\)-differential posets [see \\textit{R. P. Stanley}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 4, 919-961 (1988; Zbl 0658.05006), \\textit{S. V. Fomin}, Zap. Nauchn. Semin. LOMI Steklov 155, 156-175 (1986; Zbl 0698.05003)]. An extensive list of examples of (homomorphic images of) down-up algebras is given; including \\(q\\)-Weyl algebras, quantum planes, universal enveloping algebras of certain 3-dimensional Lie (super-)algebras, Witten's deformations of \\(U(sl_2)\\) [\\textit{E. Witten}, Commun. Math. Phys. 137, 29-66 (1991; Zbl 0717.53074)], conformal \\(sl_2\\)-algebras [\\textit{L. Le Bruyn}, Commun. Algebra 23, 1325-1362 (1995; Zbl 0824.17012)] and certain subalgebras of quantum enveloping algebras.   In the paper under review, the structure and representation theory of down-up algebras is studied. 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