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The exact solution of the massless model was discovered by J. Schwinger in 1962. As has been realized later, ``bosonization'' specific to two dimensions gives the result right away and shows that the model exhibits different groundstates (\\(\\theta\\)-vacua) connected by global gauge transformations owing to the nontriviality of the first homotopy group, i.e., \\(\\pi_1(U(1))= \\mathbb{Z}\\). Confinement takes place in these models similar to the situation in four-dimensional QCD: all states above the ground state are \\(n\\)-particle states of the Schwinger boson, free in the massless, interacting in the massive case. Ch. Adam gives a detailed account of the latter case employing a perturbation expansion with respect to the mass term in the Lagrangian. A major point in his discussion is the computation of the vacuum functional and the vacuum energy density, thereby showing that the perturbation series is infrared-finite. A peculiar picture emerged: two observable stable particles seem to exist, the Schwinger boson and a boundstate formed by two such 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