{"entities":{"Q1290590":{"pageid":1301340,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1290590","lastrevid":70597629,"modified":"2026-04-13T15:39:37Z","type":"item","id":"Q1290590","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Modeling vagueness by nonstandardness"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1294648"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$E7434F6A-B97F-4F43-8AE3-9A4B73951628","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"44d897ae692809a020f3f68b3537dd949982144b","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Modeling vagueness by nonstandardness","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$65296DE5-4CE3-46D1-A2E1-C0A64E458D92","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"566d6c74f7586e711fa13a3fb578b2b459e7034d","datavalue":{"value":"0930.03101","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$CD2EBF04-1E4E-4B25-9048-B62BAE89E33C","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"d76346a418a54066397eb9c53b9f76f1750956ad","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/S0165-0114(96)00209-6","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$705F4F8A-296A-497F-8445-7B935867C017","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"f229160cda5c5550848d5e8f96f3c0c964b6e6c1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":175059,"id":"Q175059"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$1185C8E3-344B-4E02-92A4-EED5B695B338","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"784d2dc06e2a3bb008e6a3a15801a0f0231d6262","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":65161,"id":"Q65161"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$EC274A14-A1E5-4954-B5F7-A088312F666E","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"0ef42c3f85bfde0c050ab106cce6b093cc257881","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2000-02-08T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$D9A01743-6B19-412F-915F-9AD43CA84D0F","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"1c5114d031e2dbe31e19a3f7a86b22bc3e39c80b","datavalue":{"value":"The paper is a philosophical discussion of some possibilities to model vagueness in mathematics. For this goal, the author takes into consideration nonstandardness and demonstrates that some properties of typically vague predicates (such as ``small'') can be modelled in nonstandard models of arithmetics. The standard numbers represent ``horizon'', i.e. the area where we may be sure that the given numbers are ``small'', and the nonstandard ones represent the area where ``small'' numbers disappear. All these questions are well known and studied by several authors also in fuzzy logic and the Alternative Set Theory (AST). They are closely connected with the ancient Sorites paradox not solvable within classical logic. The author introduces the concept of measurable predicate which is characterized by a function \\(\\mu: X\\longrightarrow N\\) such that for all \\(x, y\\in X\\) \\(\\mu(x)\\leq \\mu(y) \\& P(y)\\Rightarrow P(x)\\) or \\(\\mu(x)\\leq \\mu(y) \\& P(x)\\Rightarrow P(y)\\) holds. Let me comment that this is essentially the idea of gradedness hidden in fuzzy logic. Furthermore, he introduces the concept of vague partition, which is obtained using a certain equivalence relation characterized by some distance measure \\(d(x, y)\\). The discussion is interesting but I miss reference to other works, especially from fuzzy logic and AST, among those also the book written by the reviewer [\\textit{V. Nov\u00e1k}, The alternative mathematical model of linguistic semantics and pragmatics (Plenum, New York) (1992; Zbl 0837.03029)], where a great deal of ideas of this paper are discussed from wider point of view including linguistic semantics.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$77D20C8B-3908-4E43-A9A6-670F54314AFC","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"a22eb1f642cbb79777784e33676c61b720925aab","datavalue":{"value":"03H15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$A6507EEA-0C5A-440C-8A1E-7804D43D5D28","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"48a2830216eefdc24b89ba9895c8f20366f6740d","datavalue":{"value":"03A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$FAFDB716-8997-4359-AF59-61FFCE5B176A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6db4aec5ef7fbf0e828c6d2589c9166d8caea5c3","datavalue":{"value":"03H05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$4AFC1A08-D938-4B2C-A562-3B1DEE505AAC","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"15bce9e4cc900a2e2c802703b3206652b1526369","datavalue":{"value":"1294648","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$3F05C771-E459-4242-8C32-00E9F246B594","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c2595bad4c7f5554d8c6eb6de152356eefac661f","datavalue":{"value":"nonstandard model of arithmetic","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$109FE5F9-EA1B-4CDA-AE83-E6D5AE1B6F3F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6d834f814842f0c1d2a9fa2e1fc082c3f29b523d","datavalue":{"value":"vagueness","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$71A5209D-CD55-411E-97FE-3D23719622F6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b6739fba16acf61162defd709061e3d3f6a05da4","datavalue":{"value":"saturation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$4EEDF544-0C27-4A1F-855C-1329595501E2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b698445c798464f343e6aef0b1b532ead89495aa","datavalue":{"value":"philosophical discussion","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$F91B19D2-C24C-4E15-8E0B-426EE7400EE5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d4f35e09af0090f4d5245a90ba7e491a3f9d4097","datavalue":{"value":"Sorites paradox","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$ABB63138-10CD-4C6C-921F-4B816ECEE905","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3694492096b18a41061ac674696382d251843340","datavalue":{"value":"measurable predicate","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$D40924F1-B12B-4638-9564-EE70E45878FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b250eaa959f5610b7872a830319bbbd047a2d4b5","datavalue":{"value":"gradedness","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$C04B98BF-6D16-4A02-90E8-3E9696205FB2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"064d810050d8502cb3e021e7587b7176c869a37c","datavalue":{"value":"vague partition","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$91D7777E-FFE7-433E-9B0B-452E394B9816","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"4b94695dfa82835fe743dcf7fcbe410a40ce7658","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":279322,"id":"Q279322"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$6AA5814A-0B94-49F0-9205-4D3BD39032B3","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$CC11489E-791F-4A30-A8EA-203D3B763AB7","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"aeec2b7d78b58bc9afb26acbbaa0d20b05af2f2a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1219258,"id":"Q1219258"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$C8CDDB31-C4E3-46CA-B015-6D9BCF69A3C7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9ecd81987eb2b3620646f2d151ff26bdb537b884","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4001935,"id":"Q4001935"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$474479CC-8598-4066-8C2D-6CCF1FEFB47B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"347fbb1126deb105abceb87df99802acc1433f9d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":762144,"id":"Q762144"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$DFDF8A25-AB3B-48F9-A526-A84D959D5604","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"63a9a317a2cea4cf5aef3c4b05876b6caf686545","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1057856,"id":"Q1057856"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$2B40C9E5-6752-4C8D-91A1-9CE79913DA44","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ecf97fc1fe70564dcf5169768f14da0374e4d5e2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3967512,"id":"Q3967512"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$67E7CE5C-5D3B-4202-9333-33ACA884CF64","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c0f4b50dd0b904033f4e9550c18334aee3959298","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5590037,"id":"Q5590037"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$B4DCE569-A4E2-4CD5-85D3-9072D23D33FE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"dadfe6494f2ca6438394bc20428c2ef92cf2f7cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1317989,"id":"Q1317989"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$0F900F93-1013-46BE-9657-994B7C803668","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"995cedefafec34db15f14183ea68aa03fe803ad6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1906675,"id":"Q1906675"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$25C24C8E-8B9E-42BD-89F4-41660ECFE671","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e97724a1b53a3a333e03e8cc7f671c06dffe7e6e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3964561,"id":"Q3964561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$BEC5A536-EAC0-4B27-A2F6-CAF41D8DEFB4","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"4be4695de22547f06fcc7b4e254d93a1e99d2047","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0114(96)00209-6","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$4839890E-0250-49FC-9FEC-B62B2F081BB0","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"497817396a2246883c5608d7d709222d42bd7eca","datavalue":{"value":"W2037096860","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1290590$2D91A25C-2B78-410F-873F-72FEB5686DD0","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"83a01c9b5887d006c6c17201aeaf8fd0b865936f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3322095,"id":"Q3322095"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"04c0a8a15fd31c35744eb13d7deb06817a6a88ef","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8401321172714233","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1290590$20255040-72AD-4E93-9103-F83E5110E15C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a17245aa70237b6b203bc8f14308d12e9ff58ae7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4577997,"id":"Q4577997"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0105aac05ce688ccd1f4fee6e01388e67a1b1dbe","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7714784741401672","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1290590$7F121F60-DD1D-49F0-B60D-1A8E05254D88","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d4b2190f614edae540184a8340ffbe9d35298866","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1821099,"id":"Q1821099"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b224c6573a54f967f71b894ab16fd335ca8b3a42","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.752794086933136","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1290590$4921843C-1F7A-48D4-96FB-36AB4226C17F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b842b51dad28d028ea16389c09d4265211cfa513","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":923082,"id":"Q923082"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"845a076c32968cf8116554c9dda94e5ee7701a04","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.752623975276947","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1290590$2856880F-B06F-4F20-99D7-00B05CE149CA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d6639b170cc1beff208275426ce2dd61538d4383","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4565825,"id":"Q4565825"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d8084e902f4ec566b8d1418582f3c165ca28879c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7468633055686951","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1290590$249EB8CD-19D5-4937-930F-F1287A504B0B","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Modeling vagueness by nonstandardness","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Modeling_vagueness_by_nonstandardness"}}}}}