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Let \\((R,\\leq)\\) denote a preordered set \\(R\\) with respect to \\(\\leq\\). An initial set \\(I\\) in \\(R\\) is a nonempty subset \\(I\\) of \\(R\\) for which \\(a\\leq b\\in I\\) implies \\(a\\in I\\). A proper initial set \\(P\\) is said to be prime if whenever \\(a,b\\notin P\\) there is \\(c\\notin P\\) such that \\(c\\leq a\\) and \\(c\\leq b\\). A proper ideal \\(I\\) of a semigroup \\(S\\) is called a quasiprime ideal of \\(S\\) if, for \\(a,b\\in S\\), \\(S^1aS^1\\cap S^1bS^1\\subseteq I\\) implies \\(a\\in I\\) or \\(b\\in I\\).   In this paper the authors study a relation between initial sets and ideals of semigroups. Two preorders \\(\\leq\\) and \\(\\preceq\\) on semigroups are defined as follows: Let \\(S\\) be a semigroup. For \\(a,b\\in S\\), \\(a\\leq b\\) if \\(a\\in S^1bS^1\\). Next, \\(a\\rho b\\) if \\(a^n\\in S^1bS^1\\) for some positive integer \\(n\\), and then \\(a\\preceq b\\) is defined to be the transitive closure of \\(\\rho\\).   The following is obtained: Theorem 1. The nonempty subset \\(I\\) of \\(S\\) is an initial set [a prime initial set] in \\((S,\\preceq)\\) if and only if it is an ideal [a quasiprime ideal] in \\((S,\\cdot)\\). Theorem 2. \\(I\\) is an ideal set [\\(P\\) is a prime initial set] in \\((S,\\preceq)\\) if and only if \\(I\\) is a completely semiprime [\\(P\\) is a completely prime] ideal in \\((S,\\cdot)\\).   The authors consider a collection of subsets with some topology called a structure space and also consider collections of ideals of a semigroup. Various results are obtained. Also they arrive at known results, but with different proofs. For example, an ideal in the semigroup \\(S\\) is a completely semiprime ideal in \\(S\\) if and only if \\(S\\) is a union of \\(N\\)-classes of \\(S\\). A semigroup is semilattice-indecomposable if and only if it has no completely prime ideals. Every semigroup is a semilattice of semilattice indecomposable semigroups. The last result was known by the reviewer [Osaka Math. J. 8, 243-261 (1956; Zbl 0073.01003). The title was `finite' but the related part was a general case, that is, I used the fact that a semilattice decomposition of an ideal \\(I\\) of a semigroup \\(S\\) can be extended to \\(S\\). Also Proc. Japan Acad. 40, 777-780 (1964; Zbl 0135.04001)]. Finally the authors discuss \\(gc\\)-semigroups, i.e., semilattices of Archimedean semigroups.   Reviewer's note: The order \\(\\preceq\\) was studied by the reviewer. The order \\(\\preceq\\cap\\preceq^{-1}\\) is the smallest semilattice congruence on any nonempty semigroup. [Semigroup Forum 4, 255-261 (1972; Zbl 0261.20058); Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 41, 75-79 (1973; Zbl 0275.20106); Math. 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