{"entities":{"Q1329642":{"pageid":1340392,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1329642","lastrevid":68481951,"modified":"2026-04-12T23:59:58Z","type":"item","id":"Q1329642","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A probabilistic ``new principle'' of the 19th century"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 605094"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$44700CC7-2298-4E23-BC59-B6B7BBC2B6B9","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"30f3a4a97a9d7e9f82c9c6888fe58da1c91d56ca","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A probabilistic ``new principle'' of the 19th century","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$49E26E58-8C9B-41DE-932A-7F5D7D951DC7","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"61437b8229efc86715b8cfc7e0849a68964d615d","datavalue":{"value":"0802.01003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$86714394-9DAA-457D-B052-E8B06B31B18C","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"c9e8ab25a9edc9805bb9d04fa55669bfd24f302b","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF01881702","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$63F43A06-2ACC-4BF6-81CA-DA1551D377B0","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"61d105806c7ba4e335720cb29fcdc6c568345da5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":205845,"id":"Q205845"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$85786978-7BC7-43EB-8CFD-1253AB3F1959","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"2c758409bdff0945bed3a3b9474618c43326058d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":205843,"id":"Q205843"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$7807F875-9E1E-4CEF-936B-63C2EF8767AF","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"ebf23693319ee957a4c1feb48a4bcbe814d1fcce","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":172610,"id":"Q172610"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$E8044120-D6C3-4457-941C-6205189E04E7","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"e514884e342a09a97a054d635d30bb831dc95e4b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1994-09-08T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$B3A17C35-FE58-411A-BEDC-B870A0B3A67D","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"f174219b8848c959ef6462fc660355306dd1e0fa","datavalue":{"value":"The ``new principle'' is E. Catalan's theorem (1877) stating that unknown modifications of the causes of a random event do not change its probability. The authors discuss Catalan's relevant papers of 1841 and 1877 as well as his later work (1886) where he specified his theorem; reveal their connection with one of Poisson's urn problems (1837) and with the work of other French mathematicians; and show that, when generalized, the Catalan problem leads to a martingale. The authors also describe a pertinent unpublished letter (1878) from Bienaym\u00e9 to Catalan which contains a phrase ``... beyond mathematical reasoning, everything in the world is only probabilities, or even just conjectures...'' Note that Catalan's theorem is heuristically connected with another of Poisson's conclusion (1837, p. 47) that an unknown random event has probability 1/2.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$72ED324B-B263-4D0B-AEAF-30D60C126EA0","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7bfd0f006165ee82fae761f80e1a04a7310780c9","datavalue":{"value":"01A55","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$DC53C72F-693A-4D66-95C4-45AEB23AD812","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4dd5e43a1e78a69b0d25302173d4dc6913f29519","datavalue":{"value":"60-03","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$4B2FB1DE-B735-4C19-969B-BC0E7DC86390","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"a8dc04fde70ff9750b727d6c4c4a485ee8c663f4","datavalue":{"value":"605094","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$82F50915-2A94-4B73-9604-3C1031F1A9DF","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9d0f3f7f989f3f8623209d491f3834fe8b0ae050","datavalue":{"value":"E. Catalan","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$44E38FE6-422E-4788-902D-75788CBB9379","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2466442fd83fde0d58a210088b7ce5b72ee80c8c","datavalue":{"value":"Poisson","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$E16196DB-E72D-4347-9D1D-8A4E1FF24F8D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8eae89dbb6c8f312ba9c840c9e82ec871144255f","datavalue":{"value":"Bienaym\u00e9","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$57A5FC3E-9BE7-41DD-B564-E6944BF736FE","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"0f61bbf7638bac8467c5c6058813fd2b65363efb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1809898,"id":"Q1809898"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$8B3208C4-D1D4-4F01-B8B3-E13DA6925953","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$42DF3395-C333-439C-B959-136CB20E66EB","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"eb3f15c05897a09c7c435af3b911400a32258ac0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4002074,"id":"Q4002074"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$97B037A7-A79E-4BEA-8D62-2032327A64ED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7f48b3d9ea23abdb6bab4146f85d0042edd964e9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4146703,"id":"Q4146703"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$D01B9F54-A311-4238-8EF1-354E80154AB5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f5af01d3586f09534113a8c1364f9fb6994c3e5d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4282792,"id":"Q4282792"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$9DA88919-318C-4D28-A7A0-2C346ED22150","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e95b540c4e2d8ad6ec940c692f65746873a34062","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3308756,"id":"Q3308756"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1329642$9342F17F-4880-49DC-A49B-68228B416CD3","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3f691a22c04b39ac80f58544936fba6165da7d96","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4472937,"id":"Q4472937"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"82045b32f5320cd479d514c919b1baa3c5e83b45","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8410439","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$E3B23229-9F7D-486D-BCD7-5DCAF6B1B401","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"74784b75c71859ea3515bce5728d3ccfdbc75001","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":891755,"id":"Q891755"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b09831d9deb4a3aa1cdde32d72fe80789a856604","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.83775634","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$13F64D92-8123-4514-B2FC-DFACF79B470C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1a60781167bd32250cff7cc9cc22b25279e311ed","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5622971,"id":"Q5622971"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"191afdc21ffa94447810371f69354d8ff2b1cddb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.83759856","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$28287C56-F3CA-431F-8B42-1C630AF4B198","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"41357f9ddcae392a56e87f4d66498e4b555b9d60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3807146,"id":"Q3807146"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5dbd28481e832db6c209a90f4a01e26bcd5cf195","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.83098245","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$5BFEB2D9-E1AB-4CF5-B366-B824367F026C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3b596bdc03494fcf66a6aeceda0925cbecae2fa3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5452366,"id":"Q5452366"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"95c6db7e8abf9d53d3b8a57399294b146df5a627","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.82562596","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$254774F0-EF3D-4734-AB4F-05B806D20BBA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"62055cc5afa173a7ca2376da50ad1308b992ea14","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4409804,"id":"Q4409804"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"95c6db7e8abf9d53d3b8a57399294b146df5a627","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.82562596","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1329642$3F52BC27-A851-4B12-B0D4-0811BDB2D8BB","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"A probabilistic ``new principle'' of the 19th century","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/A_probabilistic_%60%60new_principle%27%27_of_the_19th_century"}}}}}