{"entities":{"Q1338295":{"pageid":1349034,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1338295","lastrevid":68498889,"modified":"2026-04-13T00:07:07Z","type":"item","id":"Q1338295","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Comparison and integral comparison theorems for linear differential equations"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 696879"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$B45124F9-0FC1-4D25-A68F-66379BEB444C","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"3b9a755a4c94230c1ab0522807113adfc20803ce","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Comparison and integral comparison theorems for linear differential equations","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$7A87C42C-7ED8-4497-8833-BB1C5ED43335","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"c73c23899bc3512c4e883cc108b807ca13ea7054","datavalue":{"value":"0812.34025","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$85401CE4-6CE6-45F7-BB79-F82BAAE6791A","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"0cc911ededc1bbaea995f5d8d7296922aaf4df60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":329876,"id":"Q329876"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$07235873-2DFA-4E68-91B8-AF9E1DD2D65C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"dbc27535bfcb4e299a598bcfdfab0633ac07a0ef","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":169790,"id":"Q169790"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$B21E7A71-C6B0-4572-834F-BE48790D213A","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"efb570cea52f59e38405d200e1ef7701b11341b2","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1995-05-16T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$C499DEF8-54CF-48B3-845F-071D6796B597","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"889b263fb952c72b95416cadcd1e55d2cf716ff4","datavalue":{"value":"This paper is concerned with the problem of establishing comparison results for the linear differential equation (1) \\(Ly+ q(x) y= 0\\), where \\(L\\) is a linear disconjugate operator of order \\(n\\), \\(n\\geq 2\\): \\(Ly= p_ n(p_{n-1}\\cdots (p_ 1(p_ 0 y)')'\\cdots)'\\). Here \\(p_ 1\\in C^{n- i}(I)\\), \\(p_ i(x)> 0\\) on \\(I= [a_ 0,b_ 0)\\) \\((a_ 0< b_ 0\\leq \\infty)\\) and \\(q\\) is a continuous function of one sign. Along with (1) boundary conditions of type (2) \\(L_ i y(a)= 0\\), \\(i\\in \\{i_ 1,\\dots, i_ k\\}\\), \\(L_ j y(b)= 0\\), \\(j\\in \\{j_ 1,\\dots, j_{n-k}\\}\\), are considered, where \\(1\\leq k\\leq n-1\\), \\(0\\leq i_ 1<\\cdots< i_ k\\leq n-1\\), \\(0\\leq j_ 1<\\cdots< j_{n-k}\\leq n-1\\), \\(a,b\\in I\\), \\(L_ 0 y= p_ 0 y\\), \\(L_ i y= p_ i(L_{i-1} y)'\\), \\(Ly= L_ n y\\). For \\(a\\in I\\) we define the \\(i\\)th extremal point \\(\\theta_ i(a)\\) corresponding to BVP (1), (2) to be the \\(i\\)th value of \\(b\\in I\\), \\(b>a\\) for which there exists a nontrivial solution of BVP (1), (2). If \\(q(x)\\) is one sign, then by \\textit{Z. Nehari} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 129, 500-516 (1967; Zbl 0183.091)] a necessary condition for the existence of the extremal points is that \\(q\\) satisfies the parity condition (P) \\((-1)^{n-k} q(x)< 0\\). Hence through this paper the author assumes that (P) is satisfied. Denote by \\(\\omega_ i(a)\\) the \\(i\\)th extremal point corresponding to the BVP (3) \\(P_ n(P_{n-1}\\cdots (P_ 1(P_ 0 u)')'\\cdots)'+ Q(x) u=0\\), (4) \\(M_ i u(a)= 0\\), \\(i\\in \\{i_ 1,\\dots, i_ k\\}\\), \\(M_ j u(b)= 0\\), \\(j\\in \\{j_ 1,\\dots, j_{n-k}\\}\\), (where \\(M_ i u\\) are defined as in (2) and \\(Q\\) satisfies the same assumptions as \\(q\\)). Under conditions of direct type, \\(P_ i\\leq p_ i\\), \\(| Q|\\geq | q|\\), or of integral type, like  \\[ \\int^ x_ a {dt\\over P_ i(t)}\\geq \\int^ x_ a {dt\\over p_ i(t)},\\quad \\int^ x_ a {| Q(t)|\\over P_ 0(t) P_ n(t)} dt\\geq \\int^ x_ a {| q(t)|\\over p_ 0(t) p_ n(t)} dt \\]  for all \\(x\\in (a,b)\\), the author proves some comparison theorems formulated in the extremal points \\(\\theta_ i(a)\\) and \\(\\omega_ i(a)\\) corresponding to the BVPs (1), (2) and (3), (4), respectively. These results generalize and extend those obtained for example by \\textit{W. Leighton} and \\textit{Z. Nehari} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 89, 325-377 (1959; Zbl 0084.081), \\textit{G. J. Butler} and \\textit{L. H. Erbe} [J. Differ. Equations 47, 214-226 (1983; Zbl 0528.34037)] and \\textit{W. J. Kim} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 105, 187-198 (1985; Zbl 0559.34030)].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$7D70C26D-8871-4C49-BCBE-656B70427D89","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"3f10616f4362d598bf21af80311650debbd520dd","datavalue":{"value":"34C10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$2E21F10A-2E08-4DD8-ACA5-A3A2BEF01994","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e89248fee75ab606c05492cde830c333d84ea240","datavalue":{"value":"34A30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$DE05DD5B-438F-4AF9-A593-C5F2DC57997E","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"746636f2317429f9dc7c79082b85c46a09094b79","datavalue":{"value":"696879","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$B9BF00B5-EF34-4942-9C4F-D9DAB01887E6","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"200d06f66db74f3482fb88ce2da7a4cf30673a71","datavalue":{"value":"comparison results","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$72ECC98F-BAFC-41A8-B069-DA4B45A20495","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0f5fa575a0f95c5d418c69281262769eb44daa5b","datavalue":{"value":"linear differential equation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$55B6E56A-64F1-4809-91DC-F31FFE5FDEEE","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"f556eac9df22da31b16a728c390b9dd69fa1da00","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":234478,"id":"Q234478"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$40FCEC44-FA45-4380-A2B1-8F4AF4C92E66","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$C6715318-0BF0-4E21-821D-477770703C75","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"b212ad781d8a063939bf4e56127632c8e072ad22","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jdeq.1994.1139","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$C81A237A-D331-4BED-B5AD-2544D433947A","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"470051403cc572317be39ccb69a7eaecb9586ae5","datavalue":{"value":"W2082659268","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$AFFE8F08-8F69-4EDA-8EEF-4D9EF62F816F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"291b9e2108a1c140d23c94a5c2ebeb3f95cb57ce","datavalue":{"value":"10.1006/JDEQ.1994.1139","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1338295$D66FD1B9-58D5-467A-8C89-E9E9BA0EAF87","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8dc71f6789452a512dde7106a1e4b4f5eb13d330","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4224490,"id":"Q4224490"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"857e59b1ad7d096ea90b39f4849cd5de82e0f89e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7294694","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$B6E01A72-5DCB-4645-A004-403A3E421AEF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8787b2c561adae59f25313ac95c444bc01534662","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1614673,"id":"Q1614673"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0934f4a32b6aaee733cd4924013b3213f800f8d5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7122474","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$43644B53-CBC8-4B92-926E-BABB9C6C4D45","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4ea86801dcf3b60d0fd6a57624ef9ff0bf374f65","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":675955,"id":"Q675955"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ed9c09b6df288def9570f55374ad2dd50ffcbfd3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.70433325","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$5886DDCD-E917-421D-A68F-50475CC0FCD4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"dd1b546a54dfbb9cb5d5a0d12f78982364fb2b99","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1824087,"id":"Q1824087"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cf28139cf4218f7030e3fd621e8f768229ab43ac","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6820272","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$9549AE99-07BA-4914-8B33-259CAB464F99","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b2566cccaa983df5633186052f5c55d9dd2701cc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2639217,"id":"Q2639217"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4e18846e116a05d95f3ce6cf3b0bd9b5b09dc3b1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.68040323","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$881F9086-01CE-4ED2-81C1-2ECF36F2DA30","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2517a0184b20e46265266abcfc9d7ac0bbf35adf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3726533,"id":"Q3726533"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c00a4015067d378642dd28f5416a5b80fef07613","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6732854","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$81C2EBAF-9E84-438C-AC2D-89FDDD9D0D0C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"52ead5fd627a6cbdae81c94cfe89047234205194","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4513247,"id":"Q4513247"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d3c0bde514f8dc09777f256b5f8330f032556f5d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.67146444","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$DAC859DE-C6EE-41D9-9E03-4F6774EC2BCB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f13a353d86e2a92920cc397eb7452d2f63031e98","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1067072,"id":"Q1067072"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"13b8b46b37021b5cfc1d324fe4cc525ec82b69e3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.66975194","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$453A08A3-8A32-4618-9A25-7A347B629DE9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3bdc2483261f3bb386fe68bc127753c8ad023a99","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1260814,"id":"Q1260814"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"404e347487b68256849f3af89165bf8ff5c22ec9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6677133","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$47B24AF4-3986-4865-8E2D-839CD2FC2325","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0b17400d6910959a77b66e159c558c8f2a0dda5b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3688689,"id":"Q3688689"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"14d1b7ee8835813e56113de2d503cad785d0abee","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.667019","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1338295$6F18A581-2F91-433A-BA54-57524E2C9506","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Comparison and integral comparison theorems for linear differential equations","badges":[]}}}}}