{"entities":{"Q1345062":{"pageid":1355801,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1345062","lastrevid":77881442,"modified":"2026-05-06T10:16:20Z","type":"item","id":"Q1345062","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The birth of Lie's theory of groups"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 727213"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$0EDCEB63-DF9B-4C52-8438-EE9263D93A14","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"00f9e45e4d2a1a360bb65e74f8457cebd36486bc","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The birth of Lie's theory of groups","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$4EB3D6C1-42A5-4F75-8485-EAD53D9E18AC","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"cd5851b3effd71460a4da2939568841401c94e0a","datavalue":{"value":"0814.01008","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$DBD97929-E349-4304-BBBA-589B08C8DB92","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"9df998e69fcba98d5d69c54310bd726d09b781f4","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF03024278","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$FF66CDD8-5DBA-4696-9262-122F1336DE6D","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b4f490e19e4401ca84876a05173dc37f42e28233","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":801887,"id":"Q801887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$F1E1C432-E58E-4D36-B6CC-EA9F9A0DFB68","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"7fb1fb9e3613de38b550373bd0384fba28a5a775","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":215534,"id":"Q215534"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$FADDD815-A674-4D3D-B669-142065257122","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"e44c0ac4ec120779b28a294a0a11656dd7c52d04","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1995-03-01T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$78F0DC65-F02A-4606-830E-70782BD7E4C2","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"cc531408b3d27907e5b707fc38e0391e2e4d5f59","datavalue":{"value":"Sophus Lie was the mathematician who devoted his whole life to the establishment of the theory of continuous transformation groups, which involved a wholly new mathematical approach. Against the background of the mathematical milieu in the time of Lie, the author analyzes the specific dynamics by means of which different mathematical concepts combine quite unexpectedly, thus leading to wholly new theories and ideas. Lie's Berlin period is amply presented in relation to the achievements of the one who was to become a close friend of his: Felix Klein; there follows a discussion on the theory of first-order PDEs, especially in the form offered by Jacobi. By that time (around 1869), the ``group theory'' simply meant the theory of finite permutation groups, with application to algebraic equations, as shown by Galois. Apart from Lie, it was another mathematician, Jordan, interested in applying the theory of permutation groups to geometry. Lie's Idee Fixe: `The fact that a differential equation, or a system of such equations, admits known (possibly infinitesimal) transformations, which commute or which, more generally, form a group, should translate into information about its integration. Establish theorems showing this is the case'. Also, Lie made a characterization of contact transformations very useful in analytical reasoning.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$6007CC07-FD05-430C-81EB-AC87ADCEE2CD","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"153e78cea59bdb244fe6f5e248d596bc9c7b1e6f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":871632,"id":"Q871632"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$8A099B6E-59DB-4919-9DF5-3B760D1A9F47","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7bfd0f006165ee82fae761f80e1a04a7310780c9","datavalue":{"value":"01A55","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$D55D4ECE-67CB-4B76-AB74-5AA9D5C87D01","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"121a50382636d5ad153648562b98224cb76d2ad9","datavalue":{"value":"727213","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$5A398A84-1F82-40BC-B317-55B70F550857","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"007ef17773e1a174d9fa25cbe98a8ae9cb9a01ae","datavalue":{"value":"Lie","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$E8DEA427-65B1-44BD-8744-7E997349A161","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"bb961d380113cba4d0ecf68169aed3df83d08a18","datavalue":{"value":"Klein","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$DE523079-FA49-4613-8B0E-23624BB2B5EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"78cda469132b2abef3dee50ed290e3504aa2870c","datavalue":{"value":"Jordan","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$31B3001E-F401-45F3-B1B1-A842FEBF5BB8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7223ea5d1f87c014ed4885a06e8c7b6034647f3c","datavalue":{"value":"Galois","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$D4CB9521-C35C-4B92-AFE5-F834D85A4B7E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"31d8a1fa7d41e0468c34aa6e0c70ce6e769ed03b","datavalue":{"value":"theory of groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$1F28A8C7-7FFE-48C4-802E-BA9540162A4F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"115a704b969160b89de6f0b28dbf88edd22d776d","datavalue":{"value":"transformation groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$6D79AE41-49BC-4810-BF9E-BB9B235B5838","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"fddac2a2d603829a4e49d466d709063f9f8e4923","datavalue":{"value":"reciprocity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$E277AB17-EDE3-4EB5-A81C-77517BB1A687","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7d8b9330d9b2f1fcfbd357e2ab36f196e4de3fb9","datavalue":{"value":"tetrahedral line complexes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$599150E9-D448-40D2-8AF8-DF8D10C3836E","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$9CB177AD-45B5-4017-9B9B-BFDCF28BF149","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"ce7536b0d2fd4ec4aaf4219086b297a55e312636","datavalue":{"value":"Q56851462","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$3824D07F-F78D-4283-A36F-E07A36E72491","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"d3a533fa77695a7fb63b94c3bdfc44552f612369","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03024278","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$2D3E1291-2FCA-4C6C-ADCA-59B1831AC3F4","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"93712cf3657a13126931841ca40fc615a5e49266","datavalue":{"value":"W2114859109","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1345062$6C6AB526-2277-4265-8C05-84DA4755ED05","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"33897ec6179cc212033e994f5a0a2fb1c0be5a46","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3137015,"id":"Q3137015"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"dcf1e3f585677d1c08a27de84a7c834c80180609","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.94411224","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$F4EEE852-9116-4C6C-9E8C-2A6286E1EBED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"cc784390e2887c087bb28e4403a8bd86f4c4ec45","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1205961,"id":"Q1205961"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"dcf1e3f585677d1c08a27de84a7c834c80180609","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.94411224","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$A619DEEC-FA59-4423-99DE-BDA4497CB8D7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"50c64a84526c302c279411588593cdff68455280","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1137660,"id":"Q1137660"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"35f39be06ecc4d325a7bb05965f1a66d9a03f2a6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.898198","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$552C458A-72BE-4F1F-952F-A4511CFA56B1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"73d5db157e34c5bae21248b7360ee6822be8ffab","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3470649,"id":"Q3470649"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"84514486216bc4d195b4ed07b6c68c58614367a1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8957847","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$55C382DE-438E-4AC2-BAF6-8946BD0BE377","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"502e82c2b9985e0eac540cbcf0045f40cef54f03","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1578782,"id":"Q1578782"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"68dfe4574869de07f23aaaec9aa7a8fdba3b9e15","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8825725","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$3934E076-EB51-444F-900B-151DFF760DAB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d4a6c67d8e5904a68ccdbbb3f3a0b34516b5e61a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5239989,"id":"Q5239989"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bd3a39a3e86626713a9dfcc7dfd2e3e73964e28a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8817875","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$F6A09D6F-C21F-42A3-8CF5-B392182FB1B6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9dfd98c0ab0af24d95442bfcabdf96e4492238ce","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5235606,"id":"Q5235606"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a8670db2c0548cef820981055992848c58caa643","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8726515","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$E32D93A8-0EA0-4C1C-B07D-A93DE9E8129C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"12b3b8b48e95806eff1430bcc8872f77d75cd9e4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3803357,"id":"Q3803357"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bf2e155ae05f74ae345394bf1a271b9c3f575c6b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8676566","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$C1C76A3C-A3F3-4E85-AD63-958C13A1A6F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"83bc97abc4f66191aa60c35e54097fa47b3f4710","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5917426,"id":"Q5917426"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"485a0adf16c8b0db4ebdcd34d07e6c27783f7edc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.86716336","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1345062$FBDDEC24-8CCB-4EE8-BCCF-89C2D03FBB81","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The birth of Lie's theory of groups","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_birth_of_Lie%27s_theory_of_groups"}}}}}