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The connected components of the set of all smooth closed curves \\({\\mathcal C}\\) are classified by the degree of the tangential Gauss map. \\textit{V. I. Arnol'd} [`Topological invariants of plane curves and caustics' (Univ. Lect. Ser. 5, AMS, Providence/RI) (1994; Zbl 0858.57001); Adv. Sov. Math. 21, 33-91 (1994; Zbl 0864.57027)] introduced the three basic invariants \\((J^\\pm,St)\\) of the three components of the discriminant, which correspond to one triple point and two different self-tangencies of immersions. The author applies this theory to the study of the geometry of wave fronts in the standard 2-sphere, in the Euclidean plane and in the hyperbolic plane. Some enumerative formulae similar to the Pl\u00fccker formulae in algebraic geometry are given in order to compute the generalized Bennequin invariant \\(J^+\\) in terms of the geometry of the front. In the case of affine wave fronts, some formulae previously announced by S. L. Tabachnikov are proved. Results of O. 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