{"entities":{"Q1366999":{"pageid":1377739,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1366999","lastrevid":46941957,"modified":"2025-12-25T21:50:55Z","type":"item","id":"Q1366999","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A variational theory for light rays in stably causal Lorentzian manifolds: regularity and multiplicity results"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1062407"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$F2F2C2AE-E40D-4D5A-BB65-A768D599AC04","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"4069c81af0493bbd0fbf05409686c07b6538e658","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A variational theory for light rays in stably causal Lorentzian manifolds: regularity and multiplicity results","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$4E5FAF7D-8765-4DBE-AE38-830B242E58C6","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"99ce73724cea9faac7e074f2d377e1234a03f389","datavalue":{"value":"0884.53048","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$C3B9369E-41F1-4E06-9958-B7C3E7E8C3B5","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"28ddaefd7f97d3e79759636e39c6913acc55e9c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":202235,"id":"Q202235"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$72A3FAA1-8864-4F73-B592-C07122589D6E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b8370cc32c83bf91c170925dea9e243cc5c97b64","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":202236,"id":"Q202236"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$8BF6108B-D302-4B26-9B82-C954A1BBEC06","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c83b8f394cd1475b165c3954cd4f9ebee1641e5c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":202237,"id":"Q202237"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$4DFA21DD-68D0-4CB7-AA41-938D390597E9","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"74062a62bcb16497befde51af6dcf546af6addde","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":192672,"id":"Q192672"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$1F64691F-15CE-4C2B-8EC5-C13171CB650D","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"1e1f059e30be0bc6d5cda65c0a69ded272f7239b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1997-11-06T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$A6D3B0C9-5D03-42C9-8E24-5AB14887429E","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b4c6f67a5b3576bc84022d97f9594a9aa835c2bc","datavalue":{"value":"The authors consider stably causal manifolds with a fixed future and past endless timelike curve \\(\\gamma\\). They let \\(\\Lambda\\) be a neighbourhood of \\(\\gamma\\) which has smooth, timelike boundary and the property that no lightlike geodesics with both endpoints in \\(\\Lambda\\) leave this set. They use a time function to construct a Riemannian metric which they use in the standard way to define a Sobolev space of absolutely continuous curves \\(z:[0,1]\\to\\Lambda\\). This structure does not depend on the chosen time function. This infinite-dimensional space contains a submanifold \\(\\Omega^{1,2}_{p,\\gamma}\\) consisting of those curves which start in \\(p\\) and end in \\(\\gamma\\). The main object of interest is now \\({\\mathfrak L}^+_{p, \\gamma} \\subset \\Omega^{1,2}_{p, \\gamma}\\) which consists of future-directed lightlike geodesics which connect \\(p\\) with \\(\\gamma\\). They study the functional \\(Q(z)=\\int^1_0(dT (\\dot z))^2ds\\) and related functionals which penalize if the curve \\(z\\) comes close to \\(\\partial \\Lambda\\). The main part of the paper is devoted to avoid a technical problem is this approach. The space \\(\\Omega^{1,2}_{p, \\gamma}\\) fails to be smooth at \\({\\mathfrak L}^+_{p, \\gamma}\\). In order to get around this problem they approximate \\({\\mathfrak L}^+_{p,\\gamma}\\) with \\({\\mathcal L}_{p, \\gamma}^{+,\\varepsilon}\\), where the curves in \\({\\mathfrak L}^{+, \\varepsilon}_{p,\\gamma}\\) have tangent vectors of length \\(-\\varepsilon^2\\) almost everywhere. Using this technique the authors succeed in developing a Lyusternik-Schnirelman theory of light rays and in obtaining multiplicity results with respect to \\(\\gamma\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$C066F695-9867-490D-BC72-A88000AA5A21","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"cba7ad267868666b1aee2992746bc16d7ac85340","datavalue":{"value":"53C50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$A81D18D7-5C05-4E68-9691-431226D38DED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"2b95e36ff3a69059f69dd0b2021b8711a9178b92","datavalue":{"value":"58E30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$3993B385-BACF-4A02-8A41-072F8CC543F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4de2df0b69afab23c60d6c04e16795a85069b4f1","datavalue":{"value":"49S05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$E10D1965-0AD9-49A5-A8D3-D6063DE9B3A1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4764cbb8baa03a41e20d7eadb1f4a504778d3f3c","datavalue":{"value":"83C25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$1FE9791E-58A7-4DFD-8750-019CBD53B867","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"298c713aa9172c606eb6e49a1babc82b292691c5","datavalue":{"value":"1062407","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$C3B2BDE8-AE2F-41D1-AC5E-D54C11E627DC","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2fac2c6db8b4eb4a435353de9c3dc5e0df615421","datavalue":{"value":"approximation procedures","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$F88499D3-3102-47C5-B1A3-139E564126A9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e7d17ceaec6bea5a114965329533c88ab4b78265","datavalue":{"value":"light source","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$9C0A940F-FF55-4541-8377-76507BDFF3B9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3bfcd3685ee28b4f3b5c1a737e56e9974931db92","datavalue":{"value":"observer","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$ED3BA424-14EE-4070-9CB0-04F97E6E4AD3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b49b025caa608db773c7005a29a4bdf697231912","datavalue":{"value":"stably causal manifolds","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$79E44DA6-CE6C-4C8C-BC3C-7DE4654CB890","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"35c7cb54daf8a6e274096bf4440ceab464ec7123","datavalue":{"value":"lightlike geodesics","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$92391906-3DF4-4728-B3F9-E76FAA614FED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"929d6e0ad5b2b7918d8efb3eb6f64aacb450ac99","datavalue":{"value":"time function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$C42881E1-3C33-4B55-A206-785331941DC5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"83111449e6d917f1eec9d56473287847e39c9068","datavalue":{"value":"Ljusternik-Schnirelman theory of light rays","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$A54FC57A-B8CD-42DC-902F-303E1E58200F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"d8c6fa836152c78c2162ddb052cc9fe9372ae5cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":189795,"id":"Q189795"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$F0430516-E6BA-4D62-B96C-DFB5D30B05E2","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"df73ec091e63a11f8670691f1c6fb12a3c94a82f","datavalue":{"value":"Q56866668","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$88FF70A1-FF23-42DA-AE21-84E795911946","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$AD1F7B39-11EB-4750-80C3-2D66748AD3E7","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"389a7693537e6c21da08230917b8f5da97ff7308","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s002200050141","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$B6900CB3-65B7-48C2-AFCC-FE32B54FCA7A","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"955caab70da2ae9f8657970ea7e3f403700fc100","datavalue":{"value":"W2021590248","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$4A59E223-393B-4DF6-A8C6-F8ACC475AEA6","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"da0932f9c1f742406e587ba3b01f45fbc6bd74fb","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S002200050141","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1366999$2E5CEBEA-AC41-4EEE-B010-40623E5282B8","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5092f50890fed3df616ef7d58f766b8cb0029bb5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4346423,"id":"Q4346423"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"fe6c7037680c4953cfa3cc623fe30c4c1576b42d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8430677652359009","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1366999$1EDFB1DA-A189-4637-AF50-9FEA77B610CD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"acbc1a32171dac16b65dbd72cd08f636d3078311","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1908878,"id":"Q1908878"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d065ea8480eddfaace869b9f502f8e0b7da0c619","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8357546329498291","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1366999$5D329A2A-4AC2-4302-B0BC-77EDDAFE81BC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fa2e079153497455fc11f2ba7849e3f0a89d2549","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1921177,"id":"Q1921177"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a6fc15785080b513b90574827bb3585ec7b45f80","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8343645334243774","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1366999$55D6A6C3-689F-4110-8D1D-B908189569AC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7ec578b6148e1f8811ca2184c149a1b67a9cadc6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4378424,"id":"Q4378424"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8021500cfe5131f7eaa146959a409d9401641564","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8338364958763123","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1366999$8A2E746D-2F58-4545-B7B3-7D2C26A50DCA","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1366999","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1366999"}}}}}