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Hochster} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 231, 463-488 (1977; Zbl 0369.13005)] defined the notion of an approximately Gorenstein ring. This notion is connected with the principal systems studied by \\textit{D. G. Northcott} and \\textit{D. Rees} [Q. J. Math., Oxf. II. Ser. 8, 119-127 (1957; Zbl 0077.26001)]. A local (noetherian) ring \\((A,{\\mathfrak m})\\) is called approximately Gorenstein, if for every \\(n\\) there is an irreducible \\({\\mathfrak m}\\)-primary ideal \\({\\mathfrak q}\\), such that \\({\\mathfrak q}\\subset {\\mathfrak m}^n\\). The ideal \\({\\mathfrak a}\\) of \\(A\\) is a principal system precisely when the quotient ring \\(A/{\\mathfrak a}\\) is approximately Gorenstein. Hochster also defined the notion for a finite module to have small cofinite irreducibles. In this paper we give generalizations of his results.    Definition. The module \\(M\\) over the local ring \\((A,{\\mathfrak m})\\) is said to have small cofinite irreducibles (abbreviated SCI) if for every submodule \\(N\\) of \\(M\\) such that the quotient \\(M/N\\) is a non-zero artinian module, there is an irreducible submodule \\(Q\\) of \\(M\\) such that \\(Q\\subset N\\) and \\(M/Q\\) is artinian.   The main result in the first section is theorem 1.2, where we prove that a module \\(M\\) over a local ring \\(A\\) has SCI if and only if its Matlis dual \\(\\check M\\) is the directed union of its set of cyclic \\(\\widehat A\\)-submodules, where \\(\\widehat A\\) is the completion of \\(A\\). Also very useful is corollary 1.5, which says that any submodule of a module with SCI has SCI, too.   In the second section, corollary 2.4, we prove a necessary condition for a module to have SCI. This condition was proved by Hochster with the help of the theory of canonical modules. Here we give a direct proof. Then we prove, without using anything from the theory of excellent rings, that a complete local domain of dimension \\(\\geq 2\\) is approximately Gorenstein.    In the third section the relation cyclic purity versus purity for a finite module in a larger module is studied. This is done even for arbitrary modules, when the local ring is assumed to be complete or more generally quasi-complete.   In the last section, we investigate how approximately Gorenstein rings behave with respect to 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