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Here the extension problem for exchange rings is solved: \\(R\\) is an exchange ring if and only if \\(I\\) and \\(R/I\\) are exchange rings and idempotents lift modulo \\(I\\). In the unital case, \\(R\\) is called an exchange ring provided the regular module \\(R_R\\) satisfies the (finite) exchange property of \\textit{P. Crawley} and \\textit{B. J\u00f3nsson} [Pac. J. Math. 14, 797-855 (1964; Zbl 0134.25504)] (cf. [\\textit{R. B. Warfield}, jun., Math. Ann. 199, 31-36 (1972; Zbl 0238.16024)]). Non-unital exchange rings have not previously occurred, and so the author introduces them and develops their basic properties. With some further work, the extension theorem above is improved as follows: \\(R\\) is an exchange ring if and only if \\(I\\) and \\(R/I\\) are exchange rings and the canonical map \\(K_0(R)\\to K_0(R/I)\\) is surjective. An interesting corollary characterizes semiperfect rings as exactly those semilocal rings \\(R\\) for which the canonical map \\(K_0(R)\\to K_0(R/J(R))\\) is surjective.   These results give completely algebraic generalizations of some extension results concerning C*-algebras of real rank zero, i.e., C*-algebras in which self-adjoint elements can be approximated arbitrarily closely by real linear combinations of orthogonal projections. The connection is a result of the author, \\textit{K. C. O'Meara, E. Pardo}, and the reviewer, that a C*-algebra has real rank zero if and only if it is an exchange ring [Separative cancellation for projective modules over exchange rings, Isr. J. Math. (to appear)]. \\textit{L. G. Brown} and \\textit{G. K. Pedersen} proved [in J. Funct. Anal. 99, No. 1, 131-149 (1991; Zbl 0776.46026)] that if \\(I\\) is a closed ideal in a C*-algebra \\(A\\), then \\(A\\) has real rank zero if and only if \\(I\\) and \\(A/I\\) have real rank zero and projections lift modulo \\(I\\); if and only if \\(I\\) and \\(A/I\\) have real rank zero and the canonical map \\(K_0(A)\\to K_0(A/I)\\) is surjective. 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