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Let \\({\\mathcal U}\\) be the \\(\\mathbb{Z}_p [\\Delta]\\)-module of semi-local units (= product over all \\(p\\)-places of the local principal units) of \\(k\\), \\({\\mathcal C}\\) the closed submodule generated by cyclotomic units. A well-known consequence of the ``Main Conjecture'' is that, for any odd \\(\\mathbb{Q}_p\\)-character \\(\\psi\\) of \\(\\Delta\\), \\(| {\\mathcal U} (\\psi)/ {\\mathcal C} (\\psi) |= X(\\psi)/ \\dot TX (\\psi) |\\), where \\(X\\) is the unramified Iwasawa \\(\\mathbb{Z}_p [\\Delta] [[T]]\\)-module attached to \\(k(\\mu_{p^\\infty})\\), and \\(T \\mapsto \\dot T\\) is the usual Iwasawa involution.   Note that \\(X(\\psi) | \\dot TX (\\psi)\\) is related to \\(A(\\psi)\\), where \\(A\\) is the \\(p\\)-class group of \\(k\\). The natural question arises as to define a natural submodule of \\({\\mathcal U}\\) for which a similar relation would hold for the even part \\(X (\\psi^*)\\) or \\(A (\\psi^*)\\), where \\(\\psi^*\\) is the ``mirror'' character \\(\\psi^{-1} \\omega\\), \\(\\omega\\) being the Teichm\u00fcller character.   For \\(k= \\mathbb{Q} (\\mu_p)\\), \\textit{K. Iwasawa} [Symp. Math. 15, 447-459 (1975; Zbl 0324.12007)] has defined a certain submodule \\({\\mathcal J}\\) of \\({\\mathcal U}\\) generated by Jacobi sums, and he has expressed the Vandiver conjecture (the nullity of \\(A^+)\\) in terms of the index of \\({\\mathcal I}^-\\). But a Jacobi sum is a product of Gauss sums, and Iwasawa himself (p. 459) has observed that his criterion is equivalent to the statement that \\({\\mathcal U}^-\\) is generated \\(p\\)-adically by Gauss sums. Following this, \\textit{G. Gras} [Publ. Math. Univ. Laval 20, 3-26 (1984)] has defined (for \\(k= \\mathbb{Q} (\\mu_p))\\) a submodule \\({\\mathcal G}\\) of \\({ \\mathcal U}\\) generated by Gauss sums. He has shown the index formula \\(| {\\mathcal U} (\\psi)/{\\mathcal G} (\\psi) |= | {\\mathcal T} (\\psi)/B_{1, \\psi^{-1}} |\\), where \\(B_{1, \\psi^{-1}}\\) is the usual Bernoulli number and \\({\\mathcal T} (\\psi)\\) is the \\(\\psi\\)-part of the \\(\\mathbb{Z}_p\\)-torsion submodule of the Galois group of the maximal abelian pro-\\(p\\)-extension of \\(k\\) which is unramified outside \\(p \\), and he has computed \\(| {\\mathcal T} (\\psi)|\\) in terms of his ``\\(p\\)-adic log'' function (p. 14).    Here the authors (unaware of G. Gras' paper) define, for any imaginary abelian field \\(k\\), a submodule \\({\\mathcal G}\\) of \\({\\mathcal U}\\) generated by Gauss sums. They show the index formula \\(| {\\mathcal U} (\\psi)/{\\mathcal G} (\\psi) |= | {\\mathcal T} (\\psi)/B_{1, \\psi^{-1}} |\\) or 1 according as \\(\\psi \\neq \\omega\\) or \\(\\psi= \\omega\\), and they express the second index in terms of \\(| X'(\\psi^*)/ \\dot TX' (\\psi^*) |\\), where \\(X'\\) is the unramified \\(p\\)-decomposed Iwasawa module (note that their hypothesis that \\(k\\) contains \\(\\mu_p\\) is not necessary for this last 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