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The condition on \\(M\\) is that it contains an open set \\(U\\) with compact smooth boundary \\(\\partial U\\) such that the outward normal exponential map is a diffeomorphism.    The first theorem says that if the Ricci curvature evaluated in normal directions at distance \\(t\\) is bounded below by \\(-(n-1)\\phi(t)\\) for some continuous function \\(\\phi\\) vanishing at infinity, then the essential spectrum of \\(M\\) is equal to \\([0,\\infty)\\). The second theorem states that if \\(\\Delta r(x)\\) converges in a certain sense to a constant \\(c\\) at infinity, where \\(r\\) is the distance to \\(U\\), then the essential spectrum is equal to 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