{"entities":{"Q1416636":{"pageid":1427376,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1416636","lastrevid":48211456,"modified":"2026-01-03T23:35:45Z","type":"item","id":"Q1416636","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Unique continuation for parabolic operators"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2017825"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$AFAA6C6D-F77A-4F3C-8999-04B85AAF7EFF","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"86374390d7680c8a39fa9425fc0b30b461ca3788","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Unique continuation for parabolic operators","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$D1F44C9E-B385-49B9-93FA-4270D92A8526","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"b1928bf93dec78f77ace5b0ff19cc68e0cdb7169","datavalue":{"value":"1028.35052","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$3C6205C8-A642-4045-8652-4258517771BC","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"c1787785385525b0474bd5cfb167fa458d625fc9","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/BF02384566","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$153370A1-A680-4BD4-9441-03EE2C8F4464","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"97cd3458fecb544f221ef49f64cadbd0d9146cd8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":484251,"id":"Q484251"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$482AEBAC-1670-4F9F-B2E9-7A27035EF853","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"933a52b5834fa958a60abdf06f519911c987294b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1416635,"id":"Q1416635"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$BF4E687D-F6BA-4A79-A370-6AE74DB9108C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"13570f52327b6d519b5e78582bddbe55f7464260","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":283965,"id":"Q283965"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$04D23291-13B1-4998-8FE9-2801CABAB062","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"c2ef41d2eac082648bb766843479bf59c8678a9c","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2003-12-15T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$3FC0D7C9-D717-4CE3-B46C-9815B13B192C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"317f69e54c029303b1344375fb0f0c46a38af7c9","datavalue":{"value":"Unique continuation results for elliptic and parabolic operators have been proved by many authors under various assumptions and using a variety of techniques. Here the authors consider this problem for parabolic operators of the form  \\[  Pu = \\sum_{i,j=1}^n \\partial_i \\left( a^{ij}(x,t)\\partial_ju \\right) + \\partial_tu \\tag{1}  \\]  where \\(a(x,t)=[a^{ij}(x,t)]\\) is symmetric with eigenvalues bounded between \\(\\lambda\\) and \\(1/\\lambda\\) for some \\(\\lambda\\in(0,1]\\). The main result is that if there are constants \\(M>0\\) and \\(\\beta\\in(0,1)\\) such that either  \\[  |a(x,t)-a(y,s)|\\leq M(|x-y|^2+|t-s|)^{1/2}  \\]  or  \\[ \\begin{aligned}|a(x,t)-a(y,s)|&\\leq M(|x-y|^2+|t-s|)^{\\beta/2},\\\\ |\\nabla a(x,t)|&\\leq M|x|^{\\beta-1}, \\\\ |\\partial_t a(x,t)|&\\leq Mt^{\\beta/2-1}, \\end{aligned} \\]  for all \\((x,t),(y,s)\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^{n+1}\\), and \\(u\\) satisfies  \\[  |Pu|\\leq M(|\\nabla u|+|u|) \\quad\\text{in}\\quad B_2\\times[0,2]  \\]  and  \\[  |u(x,t)|\\leq C_k(|x|+\\sqrt{t})^k  \\]  for all nonnegative integers \\(k\\), then \\(u(x,0)=0\\) for all \\(x\\in B_2\\). Furthermore, \\(u\\) satisfies the estimate  \\[  |u(x,t)|\\leq Ne^{-1/Nt} \\|u\\|_{L^\\infty}(B_2\\times(0,2)) \\quad\\text{for}\\quad (x,t)\\in B_1\\times(0,1)  \\]  where \\(N\\) depends only on \\(\\lambda,\\beta,n\\) and \\(M\\). The results are also proved up to the boundary under suitable Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, extending earlier work of \\textit{L.~Escauriaza} and \\textit{V.~Adolfsson } in [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 50, 935-969 (1997; Zbl 0899.31004)] on parabolic operators with time independent coefficients.    Examples of \\textit{K.~Miller} in [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 54, 105-117 (1963; Zbl 0289.35046)] and \\textit{A.~Plis} in [Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Math. Astron. Phys. 11, 95-100 (1963; Zbl 0107.07901)] show that the Lipschitz regularity of the coefficients in the space variables is necessary, but is is not known whether the \\(1/2\\)-H\u00f6lder regularity with respect to time is optimal.    The result is derived from a Carleman type inequality. A similar approach to unique continuation theorems for elliptic equations was used by \\textit{N.~Aronszajn}, \\textit{A.~Krzywicki} and \\textit{J.~Szarski} in [Ark. Mat. 4, 417-453 (1962; Zbl 0107.07803)] and by \\textit{L.~H\u00f6rmander} in [Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 8, 21-64 (1983; Zbl 0546.35023)].","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$9EC11C10-AE37-4A57-A29A-ECF523B0B937","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"42f523965fa39463bf557eb69b8f97016ac546ed","datavalue":{"value":"35K05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$2350C8C3-324C-4220-9E62-2BB48FFDDAA4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"bd6caedaf72266c98db78c0f0fa476e81b86921d","datavalue":{"value":"35B45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$4F5A16DE-8575-42C1-BCAB-C98FD930FCBD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"787989febcc33777c93a86c6d9d5f44bf740c3c1","datavalue":{"value":"35R45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$D182C929-0B5F-428D-B9D8-D2E03874B2E2","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"c2e5ccc8c4ee44cbd42bc81cbf13b5a9b1cc6951","datavalue":{"value":"2017825","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$D4F1B5DE-AC1C-42AE-B640-13E71DEC17ED","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"190b08fe33db2eb82a271be6e4599ded9fd3a3fd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":582456,"id":"Q582456"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$CE06DCA2-DFBC-419E-B24A-28284915761A","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$783D26D6-C732-4EFC-AEE4-1A4725B015A5","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ab737052add3aa33bb24f1e26b28d15d9363fbd5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4392688,"id":"Q4392688"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$3DD4CCC9-6185-4B7E-992F-A97F166A58FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1cd7135f3314a1a9a9cd8efb8644e179b99d9907","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5535091,"id":"Q5535091"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$5DB78B69-F9C0-45E6-92DF-35F9F9F351A7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"05b9d671b2f50f8d9fc6f7214cfcfb829f0d64c9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":775748,"id":"Q775748"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$5B0CBC9B-3279-489C-B75B-8CDF60B73083","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5329045dbf2240d2d6931123f1ee84480705c8b8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1271209,"id":"Q1271209"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$37FACB96-0F0B-4298-958B-CB5ECC17EA8E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"903093c201be43aee15b23d2135f6db5b67bf538","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1577512,"id":"Q1577512"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$929B668C-11C0-4CC7-A5CE-CCB24067F0AE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a10d438492a986239b18b7cce0c7e56f3eeb7f98","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4545136,"id":"Q4545136"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$9CA94416-DD2B-45DF-AAA5-EB6C082A806D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"eef679c249b5904ca1f83edc5257f10e99058c95","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4399897,"id":"Q4399897"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$3D7D399C-283F-414B-B3D3-893F24EB4D91","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ff646a5470e9f24d2011a8c2a86cd8b05ef627b4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3470840,"id":"Q3470840"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$AC36443A-52EB-4CEA-8583-2EB78305B019","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5894e486e8ec9e72160820a242d0157b678272fd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3337822,"id":"Q3337822"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$20AF65F1-E767-4438-9E42-90978AB09048","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5d0bff62b15278340fcfe80973c267f22f2dd56f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1387637,"id":"Q1387637"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$94F1E014-FBCD-4EA4-A273-9B1F6784F1D9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8893e64dea2b9d577bfae54e960cad5f2b6ac744","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3293582,"id":"Q3293582"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$8C1172F1-8E3C-48C5-85FC-0600D66F225E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0383bdb7a2fa7faead3db6e24aea889ee3ca1996","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4881615,"id":"Q4881615"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$90FF87D5-459A-48B2-9ECF-1EA38ED0ABBE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7acf320ed37967508cddd6b25cd58571513e9f18","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1094584,"id":"Q1094584"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$AEE179FF-EC6F-43D6-95E7-A5A8C8898812","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3c67f654a336ec50a861e573d4d1abceade0151e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":916874,"id":"Q916874"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1416636$6A073A71-4B49-44EF-B83A-BCC9D7E38AE8","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"abb13af884b9d02f3f10d891f56e618f71227aa8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5321924,"id":"Q5321924"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9024c83593f7a6e47b89b31f4777530a1cefd2fc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.869757890701294","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1416636$6AEC6D19-8400-4612-A90E-8DD017C5B020","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5e1cbb39d3331cb764e8a06db5af495f827dbb59","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4433090,"id":"Q4433090"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"28cac0b1e70737b6cf422f6b8642828c2898d098","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8662106394767761","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1416636$A745532D-6828-4DD3-949C-F341F64A29EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"443abc8637bfa69153f90dbf045ca83e314d36b9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":916874,"id":"Q916874"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0bdfff1456cf5d665bf20f0b22656b300e153605","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8649929761886597","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1416636$4ADEEEF2-027C-472B-860C-B73859E61A06","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bfa963cbff1b5f4da0e1584024393b7cde53bc6b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3480461,"id":"Q3480461"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2d87af1c3beecaef907f1c4916cb342fd0b98ded","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8612973690032959","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1416636$7EB29F52-AFAB-4882-BE72-62BBD9900655","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4f1a4b1d3d7ac6727860f9baa068c9a793e9d76a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2487974,"id":"Q2487974"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"db2046f51aae8861dc27f9a411946badce01969c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8579016923904419","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1416636$74F0069B-3EB8-4B55-BC49-28A089129202","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1416636","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1416636"}}}}}