{"entities":{"Q1421794":{"pageid":1432534,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1421794","lastrevid":67407579,"modified":"2026-04-12T17:25:21Z","type":"item","id":"Q1421794","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Geometric interpretations of two branching theorems of D.E. Littlewood."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2037084"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$2953BF76-68E0-47C2-8993-9F6DAC1E2BC6","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"65045a95dd821a23e6f42cc4da086da4ebcb5c4c","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Geometric interpretations of two branching theorems of D.E. Littlewood.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$A033B9EC-5E26-4ADA-9474-55DFA01E4472","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"7a74201427e5b0eb6dab71842af6f56f277e9a77","datavalue":{"value":"1038.22005","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$6B984D0E-A1A0-481E-A63C-A6CC0F117C10","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"3842ee6763a76cd2d136a9e308f2c598953080af","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":793851,"id":"Q793851"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$99A0BCA7-D83C-425B-8EF3-559DCBABB77C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"93541bb195a0809b1f249396bcebe99d047e6b6c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161561,"id":"Q161561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$1B315C7E-7102-4649-97F9-FFC9795F1A7B","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"90f9531aea2ff67f2ad60a47f2412a1f7827bd33","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2004-02-03T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$3CFE93D8-D77B-4F11-9EE2-C3A40102C98F","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"df735d4cf0dbe74b2011b2ab9c66adfb80e43abf","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(\\tau_\\lambda\\) denote an irreducible representation of \\(\\text{U}(n)\\) with highest weight \\(\\lambda= (\\lambda_1,\\dots, \\lambda_n)\\). The depth of \\(\\lambda\\) is defined as the largest index \\(i\\) such that \\(\\lambda_i> 0\\). The weight \\(\\lambda\\) is called nonnegative if \\(\\lambda_n\\geq 0\\). It is called even if all the \\(\\lambda_i\\)'s are even integers.   Suppose \\(\\lambda\\) is nonnegative and has depth not greater than \\(n/2\\). Let \\(\\sigma_\\nu\\) denote the irreducible representation of \\(\\text{SO}(n)\\) with highest weight \\(\\nu\\). Littlewood's branching theorem states that the multiplicity of \\(\\sigma_\\nu\\) in the restriction of \\(\\tau_\\lambda\\) to \\(\\text{SO}(n)\\) is equal to the sum \\(\\sum_\\mu c^\\lambda_{\\nu\\mu}\\), where \\(c^\\lambda_{\\nu\\mu}\\) is the Littlewood-Richardson coefficient and the sum is taken over all nonnegative even highest weights \\(\\mu\\) of \\(\\text{U}(n)\\). In this paper, the author gives a geometric explanation to the above formula in the following way.   First we set up some notations. Let \\(m\\leq n/2\\). Let \\(S_{mn}\\) denote the algebra of symmetric tensors of the \\(m\\) by \\(n\\) complex matrices. The group \\(\\text{U}(m)\\) acts on the left and the group \\(\\text{SO}(n)\\) acts on the right. Let \\(\\nu\\) denote a highest weight of \\(\\text{U}(m)\\) and let \\(V^{\\lambda,\\nu}\\) denote the subspace of \\(S_{mn}\\) where \\(\\text{U}(m)\\times \\text{SO}(n)\\) acts by \\(\\tau_\\lambda\\boxtimes \\sigma_\\nu\\). Let \\({\\mathcal M}: S_{mn}\\otimes S_{mn}\\to S_{mn}\\) denote the usual multiplication.   Suppose the depths of \\(\\lambda\\) and \\(\\nu\\) are not greater than \\(m\\). The main theorem of this paper states that the multiplication map gives a bijection between the following subspaces  \\[ {\\mathcal M}: \\sum_{\\mu} (V^{\\nu,\\nu}\\otimes V^{\\mu,0})^\\lambda\\to V^{\\lambda, \\nu}. \\]  Here the superscript \\(\\lambda\\) denotes the subspace where \\(\\text{U}(m)\\) acts by \\(\\tau_\\lambda\\) and the sum is as in Littlewood's theorem.   In the language of classical invariant theory, \\(V^{\\nu,\\nu}\\) is a subspace of the harmonic polynomials and \\(V^{\\mu,0}\\) is a subspace of the \\(\\text{SO}(n)\\)-invariants, and the above theorem is a result on their products.   If \\(n\\) is even, the author states and proves a similar theorem for the restriction of \\(\\tau_\\lambda\\) to the symplectic group \\(\\text{Sp}(n/2)\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$D90EB4AA-3093-4045-8DE6-825467F2E272","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"dfa579e342827dbef384bdc0d71a444ad7f3e805","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1405749,"id":"Q1405749"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$9963DA69-6221-4F58-8282-B69C8D871E92","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d38a78616830ccc280fe1e3258cc55b38ac3a153","datavalue":{"value":"22E46","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$073775E8-CE06-4A0F-BA29-FA11BD8C4B0F","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"cd975fe9c634580a20348062c3688db726a4db9d","datavalue":{"value":"2037084","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$8A4BD0E2-FF8E-432B-BB32-E4512C563A84","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"dd2fea3be8e3b915ae41e03c703dd2181d8eb881","datavalue":{"value":"Littlewood-Richardson coefficients","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$A64A59E9-4E89-4C9A-AA83-CB14F6E17212","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0309255f7aa295e2ed9c69f49bb822bac57e597e","datavalue":{"value":"branching rules","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$C732DB91-AF45-4CD2-9F6F-9F3CCA6F9DA3","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"735e63eb208a1d2010ab8165566cf1ae311eff36","datavalue":{"value":"Q56443388","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$227BF390-B0E7-4F45-910C-10377F33192B","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$E975678B-CE9F-433E-AEF8-1D6BC1A9A52B","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"3fb50247d11a27bd2d040f424b7963adc72360ee","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2002.11.001","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$8E4A5CC2-DF5E-4D77-B695-F33FD19FC96F","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"a0bf7828e380612ccab4001833c9db046322bc89","datavalue":{"value":"W2014970011","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$20996A9A-BFAC-4232-AF04-35361FDC22A5","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"acaa075c8fa37c63d9e924b3d16603f316a18440","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1233930,"id":"Q1233930"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$AB36AD4A-2BF3-495D-A01B-9F5C72B3B2E7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8f5967e97741e67cab7b2ef52abfef9b79200683","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3699045,"id":"Q3699045"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$FDC92EBC-EF25-4C82-8F7A-F3ADFF37D55E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e602acf3a66fd9c94ff2f7811064f203924b4641","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4392287,"id":"Q4392287"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$81A1DEF0-9A21-480D-91F9-A3F50B602A2B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4d420a0cb8d1682254bfbbfe74dffcd454ac5738","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2543790,"id":"Q2543790"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$3C4FAB5A-D1B9-4166-A2D3-1D7E10F4898D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4ca3ac9285871a0d67a3920d415df2e9f54edd29","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4845624,"id":"Q4845624"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$B80CA5E2-D77E-4097-AA99-0B82C1B5CE81","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e8b9d6bf3d5ab49a7426aad819a218a6147756fd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5917426,"id":"Q5917426"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$783FC0DE-242D-4517-B117-018DB6DBD601","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b67df033cc8ebfc00a295f974d64ad2910eeff7f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5797085,"id":"Q5797085"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$8A4068C4-A465-4181-B074-2CD5A310969D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9f5c2825d2d2a2c332921f3a91befa3c0eddf4ba","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3947818,"id":"Q3947818"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$20613284-4CA3-4AC1-9267-B4C08236F49E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8325a5a935f247de69de419bc950c2cc7b76ed16","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5751066,"id":"Q5751066"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$69A63897-F1CF-4CB9-AD99-2C3BC6B7FBFA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"02b2ec6dfad16466a0e8428e8cf96693dd41cc5f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1335064,"id":"Q1335064"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$B0D4DD5A-BD01-456B-A220-A4B84E063F0D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2f5aec64e2b07f9ba2d06bbfb0252ca87049b27b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5775434,"id":"Q5775434"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$FF2F3242-B680-43C0-9CF4-897C22D49BB6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"818e5040dfcacffdfe5364427e47a8226e66513b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5807687,"id":"Q5807687"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$48ED775B-DB71-49EE-A3B1-819811B683DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"720afaea04963bb8b5c95bd199c2c1c75857e513","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3699046,"id":"Q3699046"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$09C9D55E-B604-4905-B1F3-A964B76AA5CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cf45a5c2cab0d1b12445b51595267cede6fd4405","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3688593,"id":"Q3688593"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$F2077F57-D900-4530-A29F-8A17EC41D870","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"e62378aa3c06c4ba523f7861e9aa75355293107d","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2002.11.001","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1421794$D09CE989-F662-4594-9EA3-FE5610DD9365","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"00dc4ff0be5b6e3b8f58fe2b9f192b1b7d8d9c09","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2761186,"id":"Q2761186"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a8fe760a0d23406df08c645b10ce8dac1f324de4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7908180952072144","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1421794$D0693EE6-1751-45DB-B77A-40A3BBACE371","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bc9cc2ba6f8a783b0699d5c2701a571aa2396caf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2522114,"id":"Q2522114"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cfb7b7609c7c5fb14ea17ef6e4a3dae4e518c9ce","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7888171672821045","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1421794$82D5128F-C437-4E40-A5AB-2C6FDB907BE5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9bd54290fcdecfd8d919173280bc0547de7faed6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":607470,"id":"Q607470"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3881a36af22fdb288f1a1615eceae100ef58c962","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7739518284797668","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1421794$13F27960-B048-4790-B9BE-81C78E06E6F6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e595d53db30d7cada140310e20081979ab87362c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1284109,"id":"Q1284109"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"be52fa49781c82d5d742c3f411cf8ac2bd6303f5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.768412172794342","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1421794$935D3A62-FB93-4EE8-A21F-78E9D3179239","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"545750e608490d59157acacbece5459d78a43327","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3155971,"id":"Q3155971"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a92c1a96c7907cdd3d72ca267f575026df4c3276","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7675654292106628","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1421794$BCC0DF3F-0F73-464B-B5CE-51697BD2C1E6","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Geometric interpretations of two branching theorems of D.E. Littlewood.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Geometric_interpretations_of_two_branching_theorems_of_D.E._Littlewood."}}}}}