{"entities":{"Q1513629":{"pageid":1524369,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1513629","lastrevid":43170952,"modified":"2025-07-22T01:31:11Z","type":"item","id":"Q1513629","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Central-difference formulae."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2665342"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$BE5C7F78-CFAE-4EF7-9435-B44C57CE16D3","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"314190bb982ffcfd111502b823b6cadd94762ff6","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Central-difference formulae.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$F3B952CD-B67F-4513-902B-585A8D07BB66","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"1c76f5c48de3383ffca4d2df5ef072d77bfcf23f","datavalue":{"value":"31.0273.01","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$859911B8-B92C-4A04-856B-D92EA3CE1A97","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"1c049c2ca5c9f3187af8ec98bba38f02a3b530e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":566906,"id":"Q566906"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$7030F45A-651B-4BED-A666-C273DA29AC97","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"d8799c40959ae8ff71bbf3cf3439e413c339966c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1503938,"id":"Q1503938"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$BFDE2FB6-CC77-44A6-BC77-F517C6BEB13D","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5224f862dbc69e2235a45d133f0d9a39e8a82772","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1899-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$1720D94D-F6B6-43C8-9F2B-B5D686AFAD4F","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"559b4ff5dfdec2d72bf370cd22557269464c872e","datavalue":{"value":"https://zenodo.org/record/1788916","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$4F08C68B-0FFD-478B-9955-875593E23B6E","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"e3785072a4283994756719f4a5a4289a2fb3a1ed","datavalue":{"value":"I. Entwickelung der hyperbolischen Functionen \\(\\sinh^n\\varphi\\) nach Potenzen von \\(\\varphi\\), \\(\\cosh n\\varphi\\), und \\(\\sinh n\\varphi\\), \\(\\varphi^m\\) nach Potenzen von \\(\\sinh\\varphi\\), und dergleichen.   II. ``Centraldifferenz''-Formeln. Es sei \\(u = f(x)\\), \\(u_0 = f(x_0)\\), \\(x_n = x_0 + nh\\) f\u00fcr \\(u = 0,\\pm1,\\pm2,\\dots\\); die Operatoren \\(\\delta\\) und \\(\\mu\\) werden definirt:  \\[ \\begin{aligned} \\delta f(x) &= f(x+\\frac12h) - f(x-\\frac12h),\\\\ \\mu f(x) &= \\frac12\\{f(x+\\frac12h) + f(x-\\frac12h)\\};\\\\ \\delta^2f(x) &= \\delta\\delta f(x);\\,\\delta^3f(x) = \\delta\\delta^2f(x);\\,\\dots;\\\\ \\mu^2f(x) &= \\mu\\mu f(x);\\,\\mu^3f(x) = \\mu\\mu^2f(x),\\,\\dots;\\end{aligned} \\]  dann ist  \\[ \\begin{aligned} \\delta^nf(x) &= f(x+\\frac12nh) - nf(x+\\frac12nh-h) +\\cdots+ (-1)^nf(x-\\frac12nh),\\\\ \\mu^nf(x) &= \\{f(x+\\frac12nh) + nf(x+\\frac12nh-h) +\\cdots+ f(x-\\frac12nh)\\}/2^n,\\\\ \\delta^nu_r &= \\delta^nf(x+rh);\\,\\mu\\delta^nu_r = \\frac12(\\delta^nu_{r+\\frac12} + \\delta^nu_{r-\\frac12}).\\end{aligned} \\]  In der Tabelle:  \\[ \\begin{matrix} &\\quad&\\quad&\\quad&\\quad&\\quad\\\\ x&u&1.\\text{ Diff.}&2.\\text{ Diff.}&3.\\text{ Diff.}&\\hdots\\\\ \\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\\\ x_{-1}&u_{-1}&(\\mu\\delta u_{-1})&\\delta^2u_{-1}&(\\mu\\delta^3u_{-1})&\\hdots\\\\ &&\\delta u_{-\\frac12}&&\\delta^3u_{-\\frac12}&\\\\ x_0&u_0&(\\mu\\delta u_0)&\\delta^2u_0&(\\mu\\delta^3u_0)&\\hdots\\\\ &&\\delta u_{\\frac12}&&\\delta^3u_{\\frac12}&\\\\ x_1&u_1&(\\mu\\delta u_1)&\\delta^2u_1&(\\mu\\delta^3u_1)&\\hdots\\\\ \\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\end{matrix} \\]  heissen die einem Werte von \\(u\\) in einer Horizontalreihe folgenden Werte seine ``Centraldifferenzen''.   Es ist:  \\[ \\mu\\{\\varphi(x) + \\psi(x)\\} = \\mu\\varphi(x) + \\mu\\psi(x);\\,\\mu\\delta f(x) = \\delta\\mu f(x). \\]  \\(\\mu_n\\), \\(\\delta_n\\) werden erkl\u00e4rt: \\(\\mu_nf(x) = \\frac12\\{f(x+\\frac12nh) + f(x-\\frac12nh)\\}\\), \\(\\delta_nf(x) = f(x+\\frac12nh) - f(x-\\frac12nh)\\), wo \\(n\\) positiv oder negativ ist; dann ist \\(\\mu_{-1} = \\mu\\), \\(\\delta_{-1} = \\delta\\), dagegen \\(\\mu^{-1} = (1 + \\frac14\\delta^2)^{-\\frac12}\\);  \\[ \\begin{multlined} u_\\frac12 = \\mu\\left(1 + \\frac14\\delta^2\\right)^{-\\frac12}u_\\frac12 = \\left(\\mu - \\frac18\\mu\\delta^2 + \\frac3{128}\\mu\\delta^4 \\frac5{1024}\\mu\\delta^6 + \\frac{35}{32768}\\mu\\delta^8 -\\cdots\\right)u_\\frac12\\\\ = \\frac12(u_1+u_0) - \\frac1{16}(\\delta^2u_1+\\delta^2u_0) + \\frac3{256}(\\delta^4u_1+\\delta^4u_0) - \\frac5{2048}(\\delta^6u_1+\\delta^6u_0) + \\frac{35}{65536}(\\delta^8u_1+\\delta^8u_0)\\cdots.\\end{multlined} \\]  Ist \\(Df(x) = f'(x)\\), \\(Du = u'\\), so ist nach dem Taylor'schen Satze  \\[ \\begin{aligned} &f(x + \\frac12h) = f(x) + \\frac12hf'(x) + \\frac1{2!}(\\frac12h)^2f''(x) +\\cdots= e^{\\frac12hD}f(x);\\\\ &f(x - \\frac12h) = e^{-\\frac12hD}f(x),\\\\ &\\mu f(x) = \\frac12(e^{\\frac12hD} + e^{-\\frac12hD})f(x)\\text{ oder }\\mu = \\cosh\\frac12hD,\\\\ &\\delta f(x) = (e^{\\frac12hD} - e^{-\\frac12hD})f(x),\\text{ oder }\\delta f(x)= \\frac12\\sinh\\frac12hD;\\end{aligned} \\]  die Formeln \\(\\delta^n = (2\\sinh\\frac12hD)^n\\), \\(\\mu\\delta^{n-1} = (2\\sinh\\frac12hD)^{n-1}\\cosh\\frac12hD\\) werden f\u00fcr  \\[ \\mu\\delta u_0,\\,\\delta^2u_0,\\,\\mu\\delta^3u_0,\\,\\delta^4u_0,\\, \\mu\\delta^5u_0,\\,\\delta^6u_0,\\,\\dots,\\,\\mu u_{\\frac12},\\,\\delta u_\\frac12,\\,\\mu\\delta^2u_\\frac12,\\,\\delta^3u_\\frac12,\\, \\mu\\delta^4u_\\frac12,\\,\\delta^5u_\\frac12,\\,\\dots \\]  specialisirt, \u00e4hnliche Formeln f\u00fcr  \\[ hDu_0,\\, h^2D^2u_0,\\, h^3D^3u_0,\\,\\dots,\\, u_\\frac12,\\, hDu_\\frac12,\\, h^2D^2u_\\frac12,\\,\\dots \\]  Nimmt man die Intervalle gleich \\(nh\\) statt \\(h\\) und bezeichnet die neuen Werte von \\(\\mu\\) und \\(\\delta\\) durch \\(\\mu_n\\) und \\(\\delta_n\\), so dass \\(\\mu_n = \\cosh\\frac12nhD\\), \\(\\delta_n = 2\\sinh\\frac12nhD\\) wird, so wird \\(\\mu_{-n}=\\mu_n\\), \\(\\mu_{m\\pm n}=\\mu_m\\mu_n\\pm\\frac14\\delta_m\\delta_n\\), \\(\\delta_{m\\pm n}=\\mu_n\\delta_m\\pm\\mu_m\\delta_n\\), und  \\[ \\begin{multlined} \\delta_n^m = n^m\\{{}_mB_m\\delta^m + {}_mB_{m+2}\\delta^{m+2}/(2m+2)(2m+4)\\\\ + {}_mB_{m+4}\\delta^{m+1}/(2m+2)\\dots(2m+8) +\\cdots\\},\\end{multlined} \\]   \\[ \\begin{multlined} \\mu_n\\delta_n^{m-1} = n^{m-1}\\{{}_mB_m\\mu\\delta^{m-1} + {}_mB_{m+2}\\mu\\delta^{m+1}/2m(2m+2)\\\\ + {}_mB_{m+4}\\delta^{m+3}/2m\\dots(2m+6) +\\cdots\\},\\end{multlined} \\]  wo die Coefficienten durch die Gleichungen \\({}_mB_m = 1\\) und  \\[ {}_mB_{m+2r+2} = \\{m^2n^2 - (m+2r)^2\\}{}_mB_{m+2r} + {}_{m-2}B_{m+2r} \\]  bestimmt sind.   Schliesslich werden die Interpolationsformeln  \\[ u_n = u_0 + \\frac n{1!}\\mu\\delta u_0 + \\frac{n^2}{2!}\\mu\\delta^2u_0 + \\frac{n(n^2-1^2)}{3!}\\mu\\delta^3u_0 + \\frac{n^2(n^2-1^2)}{4!}\\delta^4u_0 +\\cdots, \\]   \\[ \\begin{multlined} u_{\\frac12+n} = \\mu u_\\frac12 + \\frac{2n}{2\\cdot1!}\\delta u_\\frac12 + \\frac{4n^2-1^2}{2^2\\cdot2!}\\mu\\delta^2u_\\frac12 + \\frac{2n(4n^2-1^2)}{2^3\\cdot3!}\\delta^3u_\\frac12\\\\ + \\frac{(4n^2-1^2)(4n^2-3^2)}{2^4\\cdot4!}\\mu\\delta^4u_\\frac12 +\\cdots,\\end{multlined} \\]   \\[ u_n = \\left\\{1 + \\binom n2\\delta^2 + \\binom{n+1}4\\delta^4 +\\cdots\\right\\}u_0 + \\left\\{\\binom n1\\delta + \\binom{n+1}3\\delta^3 + \\binom{n+2}5\\delta^5 +\\cdots\\right\\}u_\\frac12, \\]   \\[ u_{-n} = \\left\\{1 + \\binom n2\\delta^2 + \\binom{n+1}4\\delta^4 +\\cdots\\right\\}u_0 + \\left\\{\\binom n1\\delta + \\binom{n+1}3\\delta^3 + \\binom{n+2}5\\delta^5 +\\cdots\\right\\}u_{-\\frac12} \\]  abgeleitet.   III. ``Centralsummen''-Formeln. \\(\\sigma f(x)\\) wird definirt durch die Functionalgleichung: \\(\\delta\\sigma f(x) = \\sigma f(x+\\frac12h) - \\sigma f(x-\\frac12h) = f(x)\\). Sie involvirt eine willk\u00fcrliche Constante; wird diese passend gew\u00e4hlt, so ist  \\[ \\sigma\\{\\varphi(x) + \\psi(x)\\} = \\sigma\\varphi(x) + \\sigma\\psi(x);\\quad \\delta\\sigma u = u(u = f(x))\\mu\\sigma u = \\sigma\\mu u;\\quad \\sigma = \\delta^{-1}. \\]  Auch hier wird gesetzt: \\(\\sigma^nu = \\sigma\\sigma^{n-1}u\\), so dass \\(\\sigma^nu\\) \\(n\\) willk\u00fcrliche Constanten enth\u00e4lt.   Die Operatoren \\(\\mu\\), \\(\\delta\\), \\(\\sigma\\) und \\(D\\) (\\(Df(x) = f'(x)\\), \\(Du = u'\\)) k\u00f6nnen nach den Gesetzen der Algebra mit einander verbunden werden.   Es ist  \\[ \\begin{multlined} u_1 - u_0 = \\delta u_\\frac12 = 2\\sinh\\frac12 hDu_\\frac12\\\\ = \\left(1 + \\frac1{24}h^2D^2 + \\frac1{1920}h^4D^4 + \\frac1{322560}h^6D^6 +\\cdots\\right)hDu_\\frac12\\end{multlined} \\]   \\[ \\begin{multlined} u_1 - u_0 = \\mu\\delta/\\mu u_\\frac12 = 2\\tanh\\frac12 hDu_\\frac12\\\\ = \\mu\\left(1 - \\frac1{12}h^2D^2 + \\frac1{120}h^4D^4 - \\frac{17}{20160}h^6D^6 +\\cdots\\right)hDu_\\frac12.\\end{multlined} \\]  F\u00fcr \\(u = \\int\\limits_0^x vdx\\) ergeben sich die Formeln:  \\[ \\begin{multlined} \\int_0^x vdx = \\left(1 + \\frac1{24}h^2D^2 + \\frac1{1920}h^4D^4 +\\cdots\\right)hv_\\frac12\\\\ = \\mu\\left(1 - \\frac1{12}h^2D^2 + \\frac1{120}h^4D^4 -\\cdots\\right)hv_\\frac12,\\end{multlined} \\]   \\[ \\begin{multlined} \\int_{x_0}^{x_n} vdx = h\\sigma(v_n-v_0) + h(\\delta X_n-\\delta X_0)\\\\ = h\\mu\\sigma(v_n-v_0) + h(\\delta X_n'-\\delta X_0'),\\end{multlined} \\]  wo  \\[ \\begin{aligned} X &= \\left(\\frac1{24} - \\frac{17}{5760}h^2D^2 + \\frac{43}{322560}h^4D^4 -\\cdots\\right)hv,\\\\ X' &= \\left(-\\frac1{12} + \\frac7{1440}h^2D^2 - \\frac{31}{161280}h^4D^4 +\\cdots\\right)hv\\end{aligned} \\]  ist.  \\[ \\begin{aligned} u_n &= \\int^{x_n} vdx = \\left(\\sigma + \\frac1{24}\\delta - \\frac{17}{5760}\\delta^3 + \\frac{367}{967680}\\delta^5 -\\cdots\\right)hv_n,\\\\ u_n &= \\int^{x_n} vdx = \\mu\\left(\\sigma - \\frac1{12}\\delta + \\frac{11}{720}\\delta^3 - \\frac{191}{60480}\\delta^5 +\\cdots\\right)hv_n.\\end{aligned} \\]","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$0BBB0280-06B8-49C5-AF8B-33AAF8DEF679","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"79883b0389c52f7d29dee8ce285adf6ef77067a3","datavalue":{"value":"39A70","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$A2610820-2134-45E8-A5EC-712EEBE5FF08","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"2d11e21d567334b64d9f58a28f262909143c16ff","datavalue":{"value":"2665342","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$A27C95A8-F275-4F5F-BFE7-3941849C74C6","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c420835faed75da358dad8d7f2dbb7b9197cc9b9","datavalue":{"value":"Difference operators","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$51D6C8B4-520D-4025-8FE1-1F87CB91D0C8","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$1B28CE58-1A84-436C-A369-EAACA8F2B7DD","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"025a692c594931f2c363f7d5c4523b1e5e7e0b76","datavalue":{"value":"W2048991056","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$F43C17E0-FF7D-44AA-B9A0-87A92B3B424F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"2fb86d42834610b420b253e87aaebfbfb4161fa4","datavalue":{"value":"10.1112/PLMS/S1-31.1.449","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1513629$128EDA75-0716-4DF4-A141-F9F4D7561E58","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1513629","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1513629"}}}}}