{"entities":{"Q1528871":{"pageid":1539611,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1528871","lastrevid":70838766,"modified":"2026-04-13T17:36:01Z","type":"item","id":"Q1528871","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Note on a theorem of the probability calculus"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2684999"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$29B44383-6969-4969-8876-F9BA3CE6892D","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"0318ee2586286e658a39509a5f3d4991f0c6c558","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Note on a theorem of the probability calculus","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$D0B84DB9-C641-47A4-9DEE-1CCEB4D5970F","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"9120c144460d1fcd6c8817dd99a7b27a3e3700f6","datavalue":{"value":"24.0210.01","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$7EE588CA-61E2-4933-B0C4-765D021D95FB","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"3564fffbea34e6cdc8d4dfaafa1f98a44041b0cc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":558939,"id":"Q558939"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$68AC8ECB-9F82-4A2D-A99B-88217EEF1AD7","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"63c3152a90445480708ec644f9e3e3dac57c5ccd","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1892-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$F53942CD-B95C-42F3-928F-0C7EFB8B6529","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"3f7544ffcb67584b28dbab877083410304247556","datavalue":{"value":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3070h.f701","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$29E6DF7F-E62F-498D-9A34-C36DF46E8DC8","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"0fe29bf46725024644965e3dd8f3e2025e3bf9d3","datavalue":{"value":"Ist \\(N\\) die wahrscheinliche Anzahl des Eintreffens eines Ereignisses bei einer bestimmten Serie von Versuchen, und sind die absoluten Abweichungen gegen \\(N\\), wenn diese Versuchsreihe \\(m\\)-mal wiederholt worden ist, gleich \\(z_1,z_2,\\dots, z_m\\), so hat der Quotient  \\[ \\left(\\frac{z_1+z_2+\\cdots+z_m}{m} \\right)^2:\\frac{z_1^2+z_2^2+\\cdots+z^2_m}{m} \\]  den wahrscheinlichen Wert \\(\\frac{2}{pi}\\).   Dieses Theorem kann man unmittelbar auf die Messungen einer und derselben Gr\u00f6sse anwenden; jedoch muss man bei seiner Anwendung auf andere F\u00e4lle sehr vorsichtig sein, da es gewisse Bedingungen voraussetzt, ohne die es seine G\u00fcltiglieit verliert.   Als Herr Bertrand dieses an einem bestimmten Beispiel zeigen wollte, erhielt er ein merkw\u00fcrdiges Resultat.   Gilt n\u00e4mlich f\u00fcr eine sehr grosse Anzahl von Messungen einer Gr\u00f6sse das Gauss'sche Fehlergesetz  \\[ \\frac{k}{\\sqrt{\\pi}}\\;e^{-k^2x^2}, \\]  so ist der wahrscheinliche Wert des absolut genommenen Fehlers \\(\\frac{1}{k\\sqrt{\\pi}}\\) und der seines Quadrats \\(\\frac{1}{2k^2}\\). Daher ist das Verh\u00e4ltnis  \\[ \\frac{\\frac{1}{2k^2}}{\\left(\\frac{1}{k\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\right)^2}=\\frac{\\pi}{2}\\,, \\]  in Uebereinstimmung mit dem obigen Theorem.   Ist nun die Anzahl der Messungen \\(n\\), und stellt man die \\(n\\) absolut genommenen Fehler durch \\(\\frac{1}{k\\sqrt{\\pi}}+ z_i\\), dar, so ist der wahrscheinliche absolute Wert von \\(z_i\\) gleich  \\[ \\frac{2}{k\\sqrt{\\pi}}\\left[\\varTheta\\left(\\frac{1}{\\pi} \\right) -1+e^{-\\frac1\\pi}\\right];\\quad \\varTheta(t)=\\frac{2}{\\sqrt{\\pi}}\\int^t_0 e^{-t^2}dt. \\]  Der wahrscheinliche Wert von \\(z^2_i\\) ist ferner  \\[ \\frac{1}{k^2}\\;\\frac{\\pi-2}{2\\pi}\\,. \\]  Wenn nun das fragliche Theorem hier anwendbar w\u00e4re, so m\u00fcsste sein  \\[ \\frac{\\pi-2}{8\\left[\\varTheta\\left(\\frac{1}{\\pi}\\right)-1+e^{-\\frac1\\pi} \\right]^2}=\\frac\\pi2 \\]  oder  \\[ \\varTheta\\left(\\frac1\\pi\\right)=1+\\frac12\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi-2}{\\pi}}-e^{-\\frac1\\pi}. \\]  \\(\\varTheta(\\frac1\\pi)\\) ist aber 0,57497, w\u00e4hrend der Ausdruck rechts gleich 0,574028 ist.   Auf die Frage, weshalb diese beiden Werte so sehr nahe gleich sind, obgleich das Theorem sicher nicht mehr anwendbar war. weiss Herr Bertrand keine Antwort.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$17DB547F-13A9-4CE2-873A-C65D019E8BA6","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d6dc640014a9982dc483597275ea385cd0eead5c","datavalue":{"value":"33B20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$42F10265-18F6-4B5B-A263-4F2214E7BB59","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"32dba36fdbb0a2705377484563d80dd887f64e62","datavalue":{"value":"2684999","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$24276A50-EFA6-4D41-8FA7-2A1B6B8F734D","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1522cdfb8a53e60e9e270a5f928ab539544435d4","datavalue":{"value":"error of observation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$79B32066-AD1A-4417-B9D4-932574EA7DBD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"689690b816dfb153a871e2f26fd285503de970ed","datavalue":{"value":"lack of necessary condition","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$24604CE2-0E32-4D3A-ACFB-72F4F070BB46","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$8080F305-D08A-4E7F-98AF-3F69B8CE22B2","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d5eb3f1ff0ca5cfb7d584f4e5b8f6b15b8dbe29a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6481353,"id":"Q6481353"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1528871$6B0DF765-522F-4DB9-8920-D181717306CF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Note on a theorem of the probability calculus","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Note_on_a_theorem_of_the_probability_calculus"}}}}}