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This is motivated by a fundamental theorem of de Rham: If for a complete Riemannian manifold \\(X\\), \\(T_X\\) splits into a direct sum of subbundles invariant under the holonomy, then the universal cover \\(\\tilde X\\) of \\(X\\) splits as a product of Riemann manifolds and this splitting is compatible with that of \\(T_X\\).  The same result holds for complex K\u00e4hler manifolds.  As a natural generalization, one may ask whether there is such splitting of \\(\\tilde X\\) when the assumptions on holonomy and integrability are dropped. First results were given by \\textit{A. Beauville} [in: Complex analysis and algebraic geometry. A volume in memory of Michael Schneider. 61--70 (2000; Zbl 1001.32010)], who proved that if \\(\\dim X=2\\) or \\(X\\) is K\u00e4hler-Einstein, then the problem has a positive answer, and that in general the answer is negative (for example, Hopf manifolds provide easy counterexamples). \\textit{S. Druel} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 522, 161--171 (2000; Zbl 0946.14005)] proved the claim in the case of projective manifolds where \\(T_X\\) splits into a direct sum of line bundles \\(L_i\\), under the assumption that either \\(K_X\\) is nef, or all subbundles \\(\\bigoplus_k L_{i_k}\\) are integrable.  In the paper under review, the authors consider the case of projective threefolds where one can split off a single line bundle summand from \\(T_X\\), and Fano manifolds. For threefolds, Mori theory is used to end up with a fundamental dichotomy -- either \\(X\\) is uniruled admitting a Mori contraction, or \\(K_X\\) is nef. They also ask, if the summands are integrable, whether the decomposition of \\(T_{\\widetilde X}\\) is induced by the decomposition of \\(T_X\\) (this situation is called ``diagonal splitting''). The main result is the following  Proposition. Let \\(X\\) be a smooth projective threefold with a splitting \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\), where \\(L\\) is a line bundle and \\(\\phi:X\\to Y\\) is a birational contraction in the sense of Mori theory; i.e., \\(-K_X\\) is \\(\\phi\\)-ample. Then \\(Y\\) is smooth, \\(\\phi\\) is the blow-up along a smooth curve; \\(L'=\\phi_*(L)\\) and \\(V'=\\phi_*(V)^{\\vee\\vee}\\) are locally free with \\(L=\\phi^*(L')\\) such that \\(T_Y=L'\\oplus V'\\). Moreover, if the universal cover \\(\\widetilde Y\\) of \\(Y\\) splits diagonally with respect to \\(T_Y=L'\\oplus V'\\), then \\(\\widetilde X\\) splits diagonally with respect to \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\).  Both cases are further investigated. In the first one, the authors prove the following  Theorem. Let \\(X\\) be a smooth projective threefold with \\(\\kappa(X)=-\\infty\\) and \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\). Then \\(\\widetilde X\\) splits. The splitting is diagonal with respect to \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\) unless the following holds: \\(X\\) is a successive blow-up along smooth curves in a smooth projective threefold \\(Y\\), the splitting \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\) induces canonically a splitting \\(T_Y=L'\\oplus V'\\) and there is a \\(\\mathbb{P}^1\\)-bundle structure \\(\\psi\\:Y\\to Z\\) such that \\(L'=T_{Y/Z}\\).  Along with this theorem, several results on projective bundles in any dimension are shown.  In the second case, Beauville's results cover the case \\(c_1(X)=0\\), and \\(K_X\\) ample. The authors concentrate to the case that \\(K_X\\) is nef, big (the case of \\(\\kappa(X)=1,2\\) is announced to be the subject of the forthcoming second part) and not ample.   Theorem. Let \\(X\\) be a smooth projective threefold with \\(K_X\\) big and nef and let \\(\\phi:X\\to Y\\) be the canonical model.   (1) The universal cover \\(\\widetilde Y\\) of \\(Y\\) is of the form \\(\\widetilde Y\\simeq\\Delta\\times S\\) with \\(\\Delta\\subset C\\) the unit disc and \\(S\\) a surface with only rational double points as singularities.   (2) If \\(g:\\widehat S\\to S\\) denotes the minimal resolution, then the universal cover is of the form \\(\\widetilde X\\simeq\\Delta\\times\\widehat S\\) and \\(\\phi\\simeq\\text{id}_\\Delta\\times g\\). This decomposition is compatible with \\(T_X=L\\oplus V\\).  For arbitrary dimension, the authors study the Fano case, where it is sufficient (since \\(\\pi_1(X)=0\\)) to consider 2-factor splittings.  Theorem. Let \\(X\\) be a Fano \\(n\\)-fold. Assume that \\(n\\leq5\\) or that every contraction of an extremal ray contracts a rational curve such that for its normalisation \\(f: \\mathbb{P}^1\\to X\\) one has \\(f^*(T_X)={\\mathcal O}(2)\\oplus\\bigoplus{\\mathcal O}(a_i),\\;a_i\\leq1\\). If \\(T_X=E_1\\oplus E_2\\), then \\(X\\simeq Z_1\\oplus Z_2\\) 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