{"entities":{"Q1575504":{"pageid":1586244,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1575504","lastrevid":70742169,"modified":"2026-04-13T16:26:59Z","type":"item","id":"Q1575504","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Multi-iteration wavelet zero-tree coding for image compression."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1493337"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$C9D0CE53-B902-4486-81F3-02B4CD6BD505","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"774d13165615fc6a21c6f761f9a905f16b77501f","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Multi-iteration wavelet zero-tree coding for image compression.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$C52678C5-C342-4344-980D-E8F91F5C9A92","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"45dfac2450bc32bddee0d9ceff8fa5e2750f9c90","datavalue":{"value":"1067.68576","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$0B605FDE-2560-4322-A9B9-6648A1F66086","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"9c99ef0ebfa591b950006e61ea40102318ecf21e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/S0165-1684(00)00035-9","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$B73BCD20-F3F8-45C0-ADEC-907392D8E6D7","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a896a03b784f26c3160955c5e7615d719f933027","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1575500,"id":"Q1575500"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$455036D3-0CFB-4E5E-A9F8-3339FE4DCF5C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b0aae2d7897bc088f46a2f1527181612b386b93e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1575502,"id":"Q1575502"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$3E48E246-F8B9-489D-8D2A-E11F7AE88A69","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"402607778f44e5f55bdf9927bc7c258b4bb117c7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1575503,"id":"Q1575503"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$2AA48A2C-E875-4815-936C-220C0C1BB07F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"3afec15abda4e0e4766ccc4aa51e716bb2a6c607","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1358682,"id":"Q1358682"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$865C1A31-7E37-4671-B382-6F04DCEE09AC","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"3635fb523baacd154dddf62cfd3bf4f66b56cfe9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":106348,"id":"Q106348"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$ADF7D6EC-828E-40D2-A910-D0A71D30BFCE","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"b3a497233c3b9babc42d370358782cbff338a7a1","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2000-08-21T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$E6C87F39-1D46-4F29-9064-43C6A5C5EE2C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"539c11bd78d98a0424c891b220844ac1b449378e","datavalue":{"value":"Here, we present a modification of Shapiro's embedded zero-tree wavelet algorithm (EZW) for image codec. Shapiro's technique is based on the wavelet transform and on the self-similarity inherent in images. In the EZW, the wavelet transform (WT) coefficients, which provide a multiresolution representation of the image, are arranged according to their significance across scales using a small symbol set (zero-tree (ZT) coding). An analysis of the symbol entropy shows that better compression rates can be obtained when two or more iterations of the original algorithm are combined. Consequently, we propose a modification of Shapiro's original algorithm, which we call multi-iteration EZW, designed to optimise the combination of ZT and Huffman coding. We study the behaviour of the multi-iteration algorithm in terms of image quality and bit-rate for natural and medical images. Our findings show that for a given image quality the multi-iteration algorithms and particularly the two-iteration EZW produce lower bit-rates than Shapiro's. In addition, we suggest that the idea of multi-iteration can be generalised to other techniques based on ZT coding.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$4B89F4ED-A5C4-436A-BCFB-3545614C63D6","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4264b8bf260e532ba12469970b36fcaf09f85467","datavalue":{"value":"68P30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$C2805969-5622-4A06-9BA3-27F721139492","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"ab7a0d2add14e0dbd91ec8ae1d32a5bb94f2fb34","datavalue":{"value":"68U10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$D4CBF9E1-43DF-4EBB-B029-A13A73C5503C","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"43a6dab500adfd34d52af33e48d774c56bac7580","datavalue":{"value":"1493337","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$B4F8BF25-DCBF-40E3-A591-919B5A9E8F7F","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"26e1c14a6f82de8f1367b7bf8f928731a969c74d","datavalue":{"value":"Image coding","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$6F5FCCEB-D840-48A8-AD15-2F231EC42FBB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"dfc000014c9d0f9885e3583a25ec3897736d37a2","datavalue":{"value":"Wavelets","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$0E2FAB15-30A9-4FF8-B792-7739937083FF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1de66c42aad9a82d201b1d68ca9c648c4fbe0902","datavalue":{"value":"Zero-trees","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$1C35C4A4-35DF-46CC-908F-A98FD5BED96D","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$80BDAC84-DF8D-4897-B518-9A3DA48E9673","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"6b09105b45281220e2dc256f2b9be0dee7d647f8","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(00)00035-9","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$1518A4A0-82B5-47E2-908D-13B589005804","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"2bdfc83fabae2be826af4df3431c7945727cda12","datavalue":{"value":"W2048519518","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1575504$BC340666-3100-4E42-BF79-7D17DC616AFD","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1463897ba5dc95463d1d9d4c1e0b5f6349138508","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4878187,"id":"Q4878187"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5b310e98e9cb81702f7c314a17202b7dd98a20eb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9155886","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$BB6A2C93-8D48-4584-A873-EC8387AF0560","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ad528d1ff69f2baba3f16f28a1d32850fb8d438e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2818317,"id":"Q2818317"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"254d7b3a885b6d9df6e93528ea40e7297c29196c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.90611124","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$A5B20FAD-7F21-413E-B854-B7727BBF4A66","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"92db8b4c3d9d228207704bbc82f53f2cd3b2b84d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2713858,"id":"Q2713858"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7df8429630d07418616de3c06d4ab7e728104da4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89808977","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$36562F5D-8083-4A2E-AEDD-7F71F2B58BC6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6ffe2ea57491a7793df54ce31acf20956775fcee","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5368222,"id":"Q5368222"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"74e5d50319ac4c331a337d02f655a52189bfc335","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8980509","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$8F46B172-D36A-4C1E-802E-D44D04A80A2D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bef365c6865575b05c401c0e54370e37dc1a59ae","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4436099,"id":"Q4436099"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7cb72d624c79352dc68a3be4ad8486bd6e49907e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89707303","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$A2217F0D-221E-406D-B466-48AEF7C89E7A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f5b90273c700cf92e6713dbbde1fc90dd2bd82e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4475365,"id":"Q4475365"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"14541d0de71214d972c5c36d486fbe6edb2600df","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8959737","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$93F75910-655D-4E3A-AD8C-DAA0DFC39F95","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"19735ec8dcd7bc98da2f54dfa890026e17f40bb5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3604404,"id":"Q3604404"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"40241dddba3259880c8c392500725a39d1bf279d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8874533","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$D2CB2136-0912-446D-90F9-D92A0CA3CD7C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2bd78a710471f383e383010f63becfa2c3768b2a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4251299,"id":"Q4251299"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6c7b5dadea656271aed31094486308d3d1ecf784","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.88208586","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$68153569-ACD2-4230-B1F6-3A9E0ED14C24","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"99a6b8dc720bdda95fa9cb845778d76f5eeb60d7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4419890,"id":"Q4419890"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c0c0d93bb7917c64cd90cd66ac044e85e7823dcf","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.87795365","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1575504$8BC7A89C-5CDF-413D-8E6F-6E916486A9E0","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Multi-iteration wavelet zero-tree coding for image compression.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Multi-iteration_wavelet_zero-tree_coding_for_image_compression."}}}}}