{"entities":{"Q1577987":{"pageid":1588727,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1577987","lastrevid":43224528,"modified":"2025-07-22T13:26:36Z","type":"item","id":"Q1577987","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A generalization of Ekeland's \\(\\varepsilon\\)-variational principle and its Borwein-Preiss smooth variant"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1496358"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$9DF59D00-39F5-4840-8DC7-BBD297A9C0AD","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"d21bf5927f21238dbc00cab169e93d7b310d3374","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A generalization of Ekeland's \\(\\varepsilon\\)-variational principle and its Borwein-Preiss smooth variant","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$A8973930-C196-4C74-A374-D2B4B27601F1","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"586ee154ca09d20ef8930de3f8f26522dc39a45d","datavalue":{"value":"0979.49014","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$F530CF9E-C98C-44A9-AFC4-0982E4B506AF","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"49c2069bef2b3b4129e7046f7229fc3d45c86314","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1295350,"id":"Q1295350"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$2E57F2C4-3FF0-43B1-9054-61B670EFA9E2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"854a35fb6039bb3a6422d2f4131b6fdd8b2f5274","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":909081,"id":"Q909081"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$2249D671-FA10-463F-816B-2E9609F97DF6","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"c5ad7b9baf8e531c6b1ad954eb5f2899cc8fe5e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":85344,"id":"Q85344"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$5AB72259-EC69-486B-BD7A-07534840B4CE","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"f309e4e3309c7641e0998c270afe2b333805b60f","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2002-02-05T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$3AC92588-7C77-4B91-9512-DE7BC5427B39","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b7da11a2eca004bc0e5a4c13c97e85f4f6b5958d","datavalue":{"value":"The authors obtain a result which is a common generalization of the two basic variational principles due to \\textit{I. Ekeland} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 47, 324-353 (1974; Zbl 0286.49015)] and \\textit{J. M. Borwein} and \\textit{D. Preiss} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 303, 517-527 (1987; Zbl 0632.49008)]. The main idea of the authors is to replace the distance function (used in the Ekeland principle) or the \\(p\\)-th power of the distance function (used in the Borwein--Preiss principle) by a gauge-type lower semicontinuous function. The result so obtained offers also slight improvements for the classical principles by specialization. The method of the proof yields a simpler approach to the result of Borwein--Preiss as well. The new variational principle is then applied to investigate differentiability properties of convex functions in the presence of a so-called \\(\\beta\\)-smooth bump function.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$E8298D30-44B1-4895-B607-48AED89A891F","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"3cc0a69df9833551a36455c96769c276a21473cc","datavalue":{"value":"49J52","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$F31C73EA-555F-4961-8A07-092B48BD4382","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"c855c2120bb41f1b7772a76df5765e44dc68d6ba","datavalue":{"value":"49J40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$0F6365D8-EB65-44D1-BD5F-9C0C11FBD9E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d2d12aa3e5fc818866047bae7c17952552bac538","datavalue":{"value":"49J50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$B88C4AD4-CD70-47CA-B2D6-FB3AD19E243F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d52bb8d0b2b4160bdc0539a8b665099e3f65e585","datavalue":{"value":"58C20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$FB8E3CB9-6FC6-40B7-82AF-04816693322D","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"437c8406e40870b84b1657dfb9a13e0445273f73","datavalue":{"value":"1496358","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$CF02737A-08C2-4C81-B0FB-9ABB63D9012A","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ca412ec418c6123985645a9d15e61d6f00d27a8e","datavalue":{"value":"Ekeland's variational principle","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$A967F54A-0C55-437D-A5F4-6D8EF4E86713","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"27e23dcbc9917261633d14408d9d82aab809170f","datavalue":{"value":"Borwein-Preiss smooth variational principle","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$C454A6D4-836B-40B1-91CF-9D1C3DCC81FE","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"8f7b35bf40fd5222ee6217fa25cb92d6bc44cb97","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":230527,"id":"Q230527"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$5839BF06-B99A-4F51-AD38-DA07F594AB1D","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$FDA8F0C8-1496-4453-8595-F21A640B2746","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"b25a0eb04310598b9c351888bde37d7cedb08c10","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.2000.6813","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$4543C43D-1D3D-4C97-A967-9F8B3F4A8268","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"6a132adcb752a96e3147e5aec0a66a9fb1d22b30","datavalue":{"value":"W2080484991","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$D7E78422-8A48-4B00-9A2F-A4B1E45A7952","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1adbfaa7e9246cd68b3d2b4b5772b8061002a34c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1846099,"id":"Q1846099"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$1B955DD4-038C-4BB7-B189-D1047A630D70","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2b3b1b0a404ba01df644ccd9b2a92c551894b91b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3782303,"id":"Q3782303"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$653550B8-D45A-49C5-9DF6-D4AA45727B2F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"97993b725d80f47f003fa84d09bbfe2752f00848","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4072339,"id":"Q4072339"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$6EEFA457-E6EE-4301-9821-6E4C3A1B74B1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e1572f26e18c97f21cb093838219a9b7fa52dc01","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4000274,"id":"Q4000274"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$B70F5A57-FD6A-40BD-AC9D-175676D039CE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a8bf31eef8a262e9675e706e81d731704bd3cb3f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3769491,"id":"Q3769491"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$98D87B4A-740C-4958-8BC3-F793E294EEEC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"74d8c8dc294bd37cce238bfab476208170375ec4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1210879,"id":"Q1210879"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$81D996C9-404A-44F8-A34D-3628420E4FA5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a9f155824c3fd43cb5bf15c4ebdf06b609cacbad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5201766,"id":"Q5201766"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$C6B3262E-749A-4B28-8748-40627578CB27","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0d0d128e7bf984b034d60a374421b1ed95fff85e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":923333,"id":"Q923333"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$C86E2567-D813-45EA-A41E-E9EF1ED6D043","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"180b6f87f755df18f281811c0b273b2d44137cdf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1178323,"id":"Q1178323"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$1D7024B1-3086-43C3-804D-C6F5694CFD13","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8bff7e960159e2e4f29f880f50a5b113795cdc49","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3352042,"id":"Q3352042"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$515F5E43-7D7D-478C-BC18-C5750D685DEB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"464aa0c919f46c0b7f43e305bae1455db825a18a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1803344,"id":"Q1803344"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$D46B96C1-5650-4026-BE23-9207FDEEFD45","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"00025ccfb95da1fa35119abc9ab123090e73fd64","datavalue":{"value":"10.1006/JMAA.2000.6813","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1577987$732660D7-AB8C-4BCF-B897-1C53C1E85D65","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"82449c1a5cae0933e9ef9d6827247c3fd1db933e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3432464,"id":"Q3432464"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c8424b168e6b8273bab939db57fcd1eaf892ba0b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9080384","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$B94B1512-85B8-4436-AA6F-E20E7FA1488E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1ec8bac37fdc651e71f57e8ce90331f9699d90b9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4367647,"id":"Q4367647"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"34df6f2f98ed0ad9708f5969918aaff14365a52a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.90630233","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$A8C6FBEC-8D6C-4665-818A-55B9CCF5B59D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e7cb8393b4031d2d9e2db750efb93d67f39ed039","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4280712,"id":"Q4280712"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"fdd8e383f475ceec17a581c7e4c4bad4cc2299ca","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9050456","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$34C6F6F0-6135-4D02-8787-04226DBD3B53","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a9c97d60d6e51645ffc5e65c53906483046441f3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4470858,"id":"Q4470858"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c5c2b567718a47410b069e9de34dff549403266","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8996241","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$0679FFA1-A3DE-4FD2-A50D-3946C2E0F83A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"725e34283096be0d57ead010c200192036f87213","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6169213,"id":"Q6169213"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6e5b31688f30fce8fd7d1c60a37d6e281af7357a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8934367","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$D993D4E2-7C66-4116-AA6D-06CDEA8BC4AB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"39dd74f6aa706396bcae74cff4036376591098be","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4709450,"id":"Q4709450"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e38a7f14ed90f5e5bb785c2b5459a3c5bfd6da1f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8928169","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$90A11DA8-5CDE-47C9-9103-17EBFE1044C3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"106fd40845adce4e5ff3ba716ca964d0cc473ade","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5387119,"id":"Q5387119"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6ce7ae8f11a566789ae5b85db7460124c9cc8dd7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89191306","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$06FF4A73-E06F-4776-9791-0CB5CA98AE71","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a0c327406de73d737da81a42ad1019f5beee6d1a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3086033,"id":"Q3086033"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1b1d166de72ed67c27e199b74e866055194cfec2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8918694","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$90174236-AF77-4541-9E50-3E5F65F712C0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b61e2f0b57b41f41c51daa5442a2c4bdc3c5190b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3172298,"id":"Q3172298"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"49db82573500df2955badcde510d7c83d8bb7054","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89118505","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$B479F866-4468-4DA1-A9A8-0677C706E3C0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"aee9248d1a622952e8840234b5c5570e9b0a1e36","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3108987,"id":"Q3108987"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"49db82573500df2955badcde510d7c83d8bb7054","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89118505","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1577987$AF40275A-B1D6-47D3-862C-97A9887D7472","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1577987","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1577987"}}}}}