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The following problems are studied.    1. What singular functions \\(q\\) do admit a well-defined operator \\(-\\Delta + q(x)\\)? This leads to the question when a generalized function \\(q\\) is a multiplicator from \\(H^1(R^n)\\) to \\(H^{-1}(R^n)\\), i.e. when the multiplication by this function is a bounded operator from \\(H^1\\) to \\(H^{-1}\\).    2. If the operator \\(-\\Delta + q\\) with a given singular potential \\(q\\) is well-defined, is it possible to approximate it by operators with smooth potentials so that the spectra of the approximating operators are close to the spectrum of \\(-\\Delta + q\\)?    The main results of the paper give answers to the questions mentioned. 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