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Denote \\(r(x)=q(x)-q(x,E)\\). Suppose that the \\(q\\)-pair is reversible w.r.t. a probability \\(\\pi\\), i.e. \\(\\pi_q(x,dy)=\\pi(dx)q(x,dy)\\) is a symmetric measure on \\(\\mathcal E\\times\\mathcal E\\). Let  \\[  D(f)=\\frac{1}{2}\\int \\pi_q(dx,dy)[f(y)-f(x)]^2+\\int \\pi_r(dx)f(x)^2,  \\]  where \\(\\pi_r(dx)=r(x)\\pi(dx)\\). The principal eigenvalue studied in the paper is defined by  \\[  \\lambda_0=\\inf\\{D(f): f\\in{\\mathcal D}(D), \\|f\\|=1\\},  \\]  where \\(\\|\\cdot\\|\\) is the norm in \\(L^2(\\pi)\\), and \\({\\mathcal D}(D)\\) is a completion w.r.t. \\(\\|\\cdot\\|_D=(\\|\\cdot\\|+D(\\cdot))^{1/2}\\) of the space \\({\\mathcal D}_0=\\{f\\in L^2(\\pi): f\\) vanishes out of some \\(E_n\\}\\), \\(E_n=\\{x\\in E: q(x)\\leq n\\}\\) (e.g. \\({\\mathcal D}(D)={\\mathcal D}_0=L^2(\\pi)\\) in case of the bounded \\(q\\)-pair). Define the operator  \\[  \\Omega f(x)=\\int q(x,dy)f(y)-q(x)f(x).  \\]  The main result of the paper is the following variational formula for the lower bound of \\(\\lambda_0\\):  \\[  \\lambda_0\\geq \\sup_{0<g\\in{\\mathcal E}}\\pi\\text{-ess} \\inf (-\\Omega g/g).  \\]  For the Markov chains the bound is often sharp. 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