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The group $H$ is called a cellular cover of $G$ if there exists a homomorphism $e:H\\rightarrow G$ such that for every homomorphism $\\phi:H\\rightarrow G$ there exists precisely one endomorphism $\\bar{\\phi}:H\\rightarrow H$ such that $\\bar{\\phi}e=\\phi$ (equivalently, if the map $e_{*}:\\text{Hom}(H,H)\\to \\text{Hom}(H,G)$ given by $\\bar{\\phi}\\mapsto \\bar{\\phi}e$ is bijective). \\par It is known that every surjective cellular cover $H$ of $G$ satisfies $H/Z(H)\\cong G/Z(G).$ In particular, if $G$ is nilpotent of class $c$, then also $H$ is nilpotent of class $c$. This can be rephrased by saying that the variety of nilpotent groups of class $c$ is closed under cellular covers. \\par The authors construct $2^{\\aleph_0}$ varieties that are not closed under cellular covers. This answers a question of \\textit{R. G\u00f6bel} [Forum Math. 24, No. 2, 317--337 (2012; Zbl 1281.20065)]. Also, examples for varieties without a finite basis for their laws and which are not closed under cellular covers are given. The constructions are heavily based on Ol'shanskij's construction of groups of prime exponent $p$ with all proper subgroups of order $p$ (see [\\textit{A. Yu. Ol'shanskij}, Geometry of defining relations in groups. Dordrecht etc.: Kluwer Academic Publishers (1991; Zbl 0732.20019)]), and their universal perfect covers and other extensions. \\par Dually, the group $H$ is a localization of $G$ if there exists a homomorphism $e:G\\rightarrow H$ such that the map $\\text{Hom}(H,H)\\to \\text{Hom}(G,H)$ given by $\\bar{\\varphi}\\mapsto e\\bar{\\varphi}$ is bijective. Using similar techniques, $2^{\\aleph_0}$ varieties are constructed that are neither closed under cellular covers nor under 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