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Results about equality of mixed partial derivatives have a long history and the first correct proofs are due to Cauchy and to H.~A.~Schwarz. A typical result on this topic is the one due to Peano that reads as follows:   \\(\\bullet\\) Let \\(O=(a,b)\\times (c,d)\\subset \\mathbb{R}^{2}\\) and \\(f: O\\to\\mathbb{R}\\). Suppose that \\(\\partial_{1}f\\), \\(\\partial_{2}f\\) and \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\) exist on~\\(O\\) and that the latter is continuous at~\\((x_{0},y_{0})\\). Then \\(\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f(x_{0},y_{0})=\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f(x_{0},y_{0})\\).  A result that improves Peano's can be obtained by means of the concept of strong differentiation, introduced by himself:  A function \\(f: B\\to \\mathbb{R}^{c}\\), \\(B\\subset \\mathbb{R}^{a}\\times \\mathbb{R}^{b}\\), \\((x,z)\\to f(x,z)\\) is said to be \\textit{partially strongly differentiable} with respect to~\\(x\\) at~\\((x_{0},z_{0})\\in\\bar{B}\\) with differential \\(\\partial_{1}f(x_{0},z_{0})\\) if for every \\(\\varepsilon>0\\), there is a \\(\\delta>0\\) such that for every \\(x_{1}\\), \\(x_{2}\\), \\(z\\) with \\(\\|x_{1}-x_{0}\\|<\\delta\\), \\(\\|x_{2}-x_{0}\\|<\\delta\\), \\(\\|z-z_{0}\\|<\\delta\\), \\((x_{1},z)\\in B\\), \\((x_{2},z)\\in B\\),  \\[  \\|f(x_{2},z)-f(x_{1},z)-\\partial_{1}f(x_{0},z_{0})(x_{2}-x_{1})\\|\\leq \\varepsilon \\|x_{2}-x_{1}\\|.  \\]  \\smallskip   Peano's theorem demands the existence of \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\) in a neighborhood of \\((x_{0},y_{0})\\) and its continuity there. So \\(\\partial_{1}f\\) is partially strongly differentiable with respect to~\\(y\\) at~\\((x_{0},y_{0})\\). This is the motivation of the following result due to Mikusi\u0144ski.    \\(\\bullet\\) Let \\(f: O\\to\\mathbb{R}\\). Suppose that the partial derivative~\\(\\partial_{f}f\\) exists on~\\(O\\) and that it is partially strongly differentiable with respect to~\\(y\\) at~\\((x_{0},y_{0})\\). Then, denoting by \\(A\\subset O\\) the subset where \\(\\partial_{2}f\\) exists, provided \\((x_{0},y_{0})\\in\\bar A\\), \\(\\partial_{2}f(:=\\partial_{2}f|_{A})\\) is partially strongly differentiable with respect to~\\(x\\) at~\\((x_{0},y_{0})\\) and \\(\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f(x_{0},y_{0})=\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f(x_{0},y_{0})\\).   One may also ask to what extend the equality of mixed partial derivatives holds for functions which admit second derivatives almost everywhere. The Russian mathematician G.~P.~Tolstov clarified several questions about this problem. Most of his results concern counterexamples. For instance, he showed:  \\(\\bullet\\) There exists a function \\(f\\in C^{1}(O,\\mathbb{R})\\), the mixed second derivatives of which exist at every point of~\\(O\\), but such that \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\neq \\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f\\) on a set~\\(P\\subset O\\) of positive measure.  \\(\\bullet\\) There exists a function \\(f\\in C^{1}(O,\\mathbb{R})\\), the mixed second derivatives of which exist almost everywhere in~\\(O\\), and such that \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\neq \\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f\\) almost everywhere in~\\(O\\).  As for positive results, he proved, e.g., the following theorem:  \\(\\bullet\\) Let \\(f: [a,b]\\times [c,d]\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) such that \\(f(x,\\cdot): [c,d]\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) and \\(f(\\cdot,y): [a,b]\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) are absolutely continuous for every \\(x\\in[a,b]\\) and \\(y\\in [c,d]\\), respectively. The following properties are equivalent:  (i) There is \\(e_{1}\\subset (a,b)\\), \\(|e_{1}|=b-a\\), such that for \\(x\\in e_{1}\\), \\(\\partial_{1}f(x,\\cdot)\\) exists for every~\\(y\\). Moreover, it is absolutely continuous over~\\([c,d]\\), and \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\in L^{1}([a,b]\\times [c,d])\\).  (ii) There is \\(e_{2}\\subset (c,d)\\), \\(|e_{2}|=d-c\\), such that for \\(y\\in e_{2}\\), \\(\\partial_{2}f(\\cdot,y)\\) exists for every~\\(x\\). Moreover, it is absolutely continuous over~\\([a,b]\\), and \\(\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f\\in L^{1}([a,b]\\times [c,d])\\).  Suppose they hold true. Then, there is a subset \\(E\\subset e_{1}\\times e_{2}\\), \\(|E|=(b-a)(d-c)\\), such that on~\\(E\\) the function~\\(f\\) is differentiable, \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1} f(x,y)\\), \\(\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f(x,y)\\) exist, and  \\[  \\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f=\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f.  \\]   Another type of results can be obtained if one introduces some Lipschitz condition on~\\(f\\) or on the partial derivatives~\\(\\partial_{1}f\\), \\(\\partial_{2}f\\). A function \\(f: U\\to\\mathbb{R}\\), \\(U\\) an open set in~\\(\\mathbb{R}^{2}\\), is differentiable with Lipschitz differential, or \\(f\\in C^{1,1}\\), if \\(df: U\\to\\mathbb{R}^{2}\\) is Lipschitz. Then, one has:   \\(\\bullet\\) If \\(f\\in C^{1,1}_{\\mathrm{loc}}(U)\\), then there is a set \\(E\\subset U\\) of full measure, such that \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\) and \\(\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f\\) exist on~\\(E\\), \\(f\\) is differentiable and \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f\\) on~\\(E\\).  Using Rademacher's theorem one gets:   \\(\\bullet\\) Let \\(f: U\\to\\mathbb{R}\\), \\(f\\in C^{1,1}_{\\mathrm{loc}}(U)\\). Then, \\(f\\) is twice differentiable almost everywhere on~\\(U\\) and in such differentiability set \\(\\partial_{2}\\partial_{1}f=\\partial_{1}\\partial_{2}f\\).  It is an interesting fact that the above results with Lipschitz type conditions have applications to differential geometry and to general relativity 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