{"entities":{"Q1722777":{"pageid":1733518,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1722777","lastrevid":78201575,"modified":"2026-05-06T11:01:49Z","type":"item","id":"Q1722777","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Bh\u0101skara-prabh\u0101. Selected papers presented at Bh\u0101skara 900, an international conference to commemorate the 900th birth anniversary of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya, Thane, India, September, 19--21, 2014"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7024674"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$BE466EAA-1771-47F2-96D2-CEAC6529EDC4","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"8b3f3b9157b79cf0e9de5d1561382da124367f11","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Bh\u0101skara-prabh\u0101. Selected papers presented at Bh\u0101skara 900, an international conference to commemorate the 900th birth anniversary of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya, Thane, India, September, 19--21, 2014","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$4EFBA517-1FD3-476F-B30F-E2AB99E6E218","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"50303f919586d4bb7ff4570fb8cd03902253e709","datavalue":{"value":"1426.01006","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$BECDA5D3-D6C0-4512-8E05-AB3ED16A6F7C","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"36569271b559c825a6b60f0bab67c10a8df7ef5e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/978-981-13-6034-3","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$C9310981-4A88-41F2-AAEE-CADDD892670B","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"f97a2e45f29d7524000b10e911096ea510bda8a9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":229897,"id":"Q229897"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$97ECFEB4-D16E-47C7-BA76-3E6ED2E08D3A","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"0e07e584aaf32d9a9691066d4a126742d1828198","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1722777$C5FB6CBB-A79F-4DD7-8F0D-258BF2F184DE","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"8a3f87328bad4d4979c3419fcd764468a2b7eb4e","datavalue":{"value":"The book under review is a collection of scholarly papers presented at the conference held to commemorate the 900th birth anniversary of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya, one of the greatest mathematicians of India.  The volume is divided into seven parts to reflect the various areas that modern scholarship on Bh\u0101skara has focused on. At the beginning of every part, there is an invocatory verse from the appropriate work of Bh\u0101skara. From the many papers presented at the conference, twenty have been highlighted in this volume.  In the introduction, the works of Bh\u0101skara are put forth in brief. There is an interesting discussion about whether the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} and the \\textit{B\u012bjaga\u1e47ita} form parts of the magnum opus \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i} or should be considered as independent texts.  Historians are fortunate while considering the lineage and information concerning the life of Bh\u0101skara. There are two inscriptions pertaining to the life and ancestry of this mathematician. The first essay ``Ca\u1e45gadeva's inscription of 1207'' includes the text and translation of one of these inscriptions. There are photographs from recent visits to these sites and also oral testimony from local temple officials.  The authors of works on \\textit{Jyoti\u1e25\u015b\u0101stra} generally mention the year of their birth or epochs that are close to their own times. Bh\u0101skara too states in his \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i} that he was born in Saka 1036 (1114 CE). Thus, Bh\u0101skara is not a mythical figure but a historical personage whose date and works are firmly established. Even so legends grew around him. The most persistent legend about him relates that he composed the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} to console his widowed or unmarried daughter. The legend is the topic of S. R. Sarma's paper ``The legend of \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}''. Sarma systematically evaluates the evidence of a Persian translation and reveals that the legend has undoubtedly no substance and was made up to explain the rather strange title of the text.  The poetic genius of Bh\u0101skara is well-known and this explains the enduring appeal of his works. In his contribution ``The poetical face of the mathematical and astronomical works of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya'', Pierre-Sylvan Filliozat shows how Bh\u0101skara combines mathematical and astronomical knowledge with poetic skills. The highest \\textit{dhvani} is to create a state of \\textit{rasa} in the reader/audience. By describing the various poetic embellishments employed by Bh\u0101skara, Filliozat shows how successful he was in bringing a fusion between science and poetry, eliciting delight in the reader.  In the second part, the first essay ``The \\textit{l\u012bl\u0101} of the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}'' by K. Ramasubramanian, K. Mahesh and Aditya Kolachana highlights the technical and literary features of many of the verses in the text. The essay explores the masterful way Bh\u0101skara balances brevity and clarity and the variety of metres and \\textit{ala\u1e45k\u0101ras} employed by him to enhance the beauty of the text. We come to know that as many as 23 metres have been used in the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}. Numerous \\textit{sabd\u0101la\u1e45k\u0101ras} and \\textit{arth\u0101la\u1e45k\u0101ras} have been identified. True to his promise Bh\u0101skara has composed a work that is endowed with \\textit{l\u0101litya-l\u00e9l\u0101vat\u012b} (playful elegance) and \\textit{caturapr\u012btiprada} (delight to the experts).  One erudite commentary of the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} is Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Daivaj\u00f1a's \\textit{Buddhivil\u0101sin\u012b}, well-known for its \\textit{upapattis}. In her contribution ``Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Daivaj\u00f1a's \\textit{upapattis} for some rules of the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}'', Ramakalyani selects some rules whose \\textit{upapattis} follow some common themes such as logical or verbal explanation, algebraic proof, demonstration or geometrical proofs. For each of these, a suitable example has been taken, accompanied by the respective excerpt from \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} and the commentary of Ga\u1e47e\u015ba Daivaj\u00f1a.  The \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} was extremely popular and many copies and commentaries were made in languages other than Devanagari. In their paper ``Two Malayalam commentaries on the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}'', N. K. Sundaresan and P. M. Vrinda discuss about two commentaries which they call \\textit{Yog\u0101\u015braya} and \\textit{Abhipreta}. These are from a collection of manuscripts scattered over three libraries in Kerala, having no information about the name of the work or its author. The names \\textit{Yog\u0101\u015braya} and \\textit{Abhipreta} are the names occurring in the benedictory verse appearing in both texts. Often these Malayalam commentators offered alternative methods to those given in the text. One such innovative method for finding the square root and the cube root of numbers is given. The authors point out one instance, where the \\textit{Abhipreta} gives the correct reading different from the available edition.  One particular topic in the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} which enjoyed considerable attention was concerning the areas of triangles and quadrilaterals. Brahmagupta has given the formula for the area of a quadrilateral not specifying that it was cyclic. In his paper ``Mensuration of quadrilaterals in the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}'', S. G. Dani explores the various rules given by Brahmagupta, Mahavira, Sripati and Sridhara and others who came before Bh\u0101skara. He then examines Bh\u0101skara's treatment of the verse in his text as well his auto-commentary.  It is not uncommon to find mathematicians of ancient India introducing new rules to solve old problems in addition to new topics. One such topic was introduced by Bh\u0101skara in his \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}. In his paper ``\\textit{A\u1e45kap\u0101\u015ba} in the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b}'', Takanori Kusuba discusses permutations of digits not found in works prior to Bh\u0101skara. Four rules are detailed here with examples along with commentaries by Bh\u0101skara himself, the \\textit{Buddhivil\u0101sini} by Ga\u1e47e\u015ba and the \\textit{Kriy\u0101karmakar\u012b} by N\u0101r\u0101ya\u1e47a.  In the next part on the algebra text of Bh\u0101skara named \\textit{B\u012bjaga\u1e47ita}, the first contribution is ``The \\textit{B\u012bjaga\u1e47ita} of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya''. The author Sita Sundar Ram gives an overview of the work highlighting the mathematical innovations. The renowned \\textit{cakrav\u0101la} method firmly established by Bh\u0101skara receives special mentioning. Interesting is that Fermat worked on the same problem, solved by Bh\u0101skara, five hundred years earlier. The paper thus brings to light a variety of topics handled by Bh\u0101skara in this genre.  Considerable attention is given by Bh\u0101skara to the six operations with surds. In his paper entitled ``A critical study of algorithms in the \\textit{Kara\u1e47\u012b\u1e63a\u1e0dvidham}'', Shriram M. Chauthaiwale examines and analyzes these rules pertaining to surds. There are 22 verses for which he gives a translation along with the algorithms they contain. According to the author, the concept of \\textit{yogaja kara\u1e47i} is unique to Bh\u0101skara. He is also the first scholar to discuss the conditions and limitations for the correct extraction of the square roots of surd expressions.  The fourth part is devoted to the \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i: Ganit\u0101dhy\u0101ya}. The first lecture in this part is ``\\textit{Grahaga\u1e47it\u0101dhy\u0101ya} of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya's \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i}'' of M. S. Sriram. The author chooses various key results concerning mean and true planetary motion, locating direction and time. To illustrate the rules, Sriram gives the relevant passages from Bh\u0101skara's \\textit{V\u0101san\u0101}, their translations and detailed technical analyses using modern notation. The precise diagrams add to a better understanding of the text.  A notable feature of the Indian calendar was the practice of omitting a lunar month (\\textit{k\u1e63ayam\u0101sa}) to synchronise with the solar phenomenon. Michio Yano studies this in his paper ``Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya and \\textit{k\u1e63ayam\u0101sa}''. Bh\u0101skara's rules and parameters are carefully examined. To check the frequency of the omitted months given in earlier works, Yano makes a comparison with his own \\textit{pa\u00f1c\u0101\u1e45ga} program. That there was a \\textit{k\u1e63ayam\u0101sa} in the year 1052 was theoretically obtained by Bh\u0101skara but it is not noticed by either Sripati or al-Biruni. Thus, Yano comes to the conclusion that Bh\u0101skara was the first astronomer to discuss the topic in Sanskrit. In a short appendix, the author has added the verses about the \\textit{k\u1e63ayam\u0101sa} appearing in the \\textit{Garu\u1e0dapur\u0101\u1e47a} and expressed his desire to get hold of more ritual texts dealing with a \\textit{k\u1e63ayam\u0101sa}.  The next part covering the \\textit{Gol\u0101dhy\u0101ya} consists of four essays.  The first one, entitled ``The \\textit{V\u0101san\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63yas} of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya'', is a contribution of M. D. Srinivas. Besides the detailed \\textit{V\u0101san\u0101} or auto-commentary on the \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i}, Bh\u0101skara has provided short explanatory notes for the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} and the \\textit{B\u012bjaga\u1e47ita} also. These are covered as well in the paper. The author compares Bh\u0101skara as a commentator with other commentators offering lucid English translations for long passages in Sanskrit. Among the topics covered are the precession of the equinoxes, the latitude of the interior planets and others.  Bh\u0101skara allocated an entire chapter to trigonometry realizing it to be indispensible to astronomy. Clemency Montelle in her contribution ``The production of sines: Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya's \\textit{Jyotpatti}'' examines the chapter of 25 verses in detail. She analyzes the mathematical relations included in the chapter for determining the various sine values. Her speculation as to why Bh\u0101skara provided multiple rules when few would suffice, is genuine. She provides her own reasons. Bh\u0101skara's exposition of the sine rules is a display of technical brilliance and practical considerations wherein the reader can create his own sine tables. Various recensions of the \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i} have been included in this chapter at various places in the text. This is a significant feature of the text.  Bh\u0101skara is the first Indian astronomer who mentioned clearly the addition and subtraction formula for the sine and the cosine. In his paper ``An application for the addition and subtraction formula for the sine in Indian astronomy'', Setsuro Ikeyama examines the rule and its justification. Bh\u0101skara himself did not give any rationale but later astronomers explained and utilized the formula. The application of the formula by the renowned Kerala astronomer M\u0101dhava is discussed by another astronomer N\u012blaka\u1e47\u1e6dha in his \\textit{\u0100ryabha\u1e6d\u012bya Bh\u0101\u1e63ya}. Both of them derive the rule in several different ways and link it to astronomical phenomena using plane geometry.  In his contribution ``Astronomical instruments in Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya's \\textit{Siddh\u0101nta\u015biroma\u1e47i}'', S. R. Sarma disagrees with S. B. Dixit's comment that Bh\u0101skara used his extraordinary talents in formulating mathematical rationales but did not give due importance to advancing the techniques of observational astronomy. Bh\u0101skara has devoted an entire chapter to the description of several instruments. But what is remarkable is that one misses the wonderful confidence with which he has dealt with other topics and notices instead the ambivalence between what is practical and what is speculative. Sarma has done a thorough study of the instruments mentioned in the \\textit{Yantr\u0101dhy\u0101ya}. There are beautiful pictures of the instruments accompanying the legends. He thus assures Bh\u0101skara's place in the tradition of describing observational instruments.  The next part consists of only one paper, namely ``Bhojar\u0101j\u0101 and Bh\u0101skara: precursors of \\textit{Kara\u1e47akut\u016bhala} algebraic approximation formulas in the \\textit{R\u0101jam\u1e5bg\u0101\u1e45ka}'' by Kim Plofker. Bh\u0101skara has provided several algebraic approximations in the \\textit{tripra\u015bna} problems in ancient Indian astronomy. Plofker compares the \\textit{R\u0101jam\u1e5bg\u0101\u1e45ka} of Bhoja with Bh\u0101skara's \\textit{Kara\u1e47akut\u016bhala}. In the end, she poses two very pertinent questions as to how the approximation formulas were invented and refined by both authors and whether the earlier \\textit{R\u0101jam\u1e5bg\u0101\u1e45ka} had any influence on the later \\textit{Kara\u1e47akut\u016bhala}.  Bh\u0101skara's \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} continues to capture modern audience even today, by its charm and clarity. In his contribution, ``Implications of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya's \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} to the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics'', Hari Prasad Koirala highlights several ways in which the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} can be used to address these core state standards. These can be in arithmetic, algebra, geometry and mensuration. What is remarkable about the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} is the fact that it teaches mathematical rules and examples using beautiful verses that combine mathematics with nature, business, art and so on. The author therefore avers that the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} has the potential to help students to achieve some of the mathematical practices as outlined in the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (CCSSM).  In addition to the various scholarly papers presented at the conference, special mention should be made of as many as sixty workshops on the \\textit{L\u012bl\u0101vat\u012b} and allied topics, conducted by Prof. Sudhakar Agarkar. It was the vision of Dr. Vijay Bedekar that the outreach project should instill a sense of pride of one of their celebrated mathematician-astronomer, Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya of the 12th century CE.  The volume ends with a substantial bibliography, common to all sections. It is divided into primary sources, secondary sources, catalogues, dictionaries and manuscripts. The length testifies to the considerable amount of scholarship Bh\u0101skara's works have inspired over the years.  The editors are to be congratulated for their meticulous preparation of this volume. The \\textit{Bh\u0101skara-prabh\u0101} with its various scholarly contributions will surely be a welcome and useful contribution to any 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