{"entities":{"Q1728754":{"pageid":1739495,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1728754","lastrevid":53368988,"modified":"2026-01-24T20:13:03Z","type":"item","id":"Q1728754","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Simplicial methods for higher categories. Segal-type models of weak \\(n\\)-categories"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7029566"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1728754$FA77FAFC-BCDF-4DE5-BC94-B5172780DFD7","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"55d10c9e294e423d81e539819824bcd90d70f17f","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Simplicial methods for higher categories. 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Various authors in the works \\begin{itemize} \\item[-] \\textit{R. Street}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 49, 283--335 (1987; Zbl 0661.18005) \\item[-] \\textit{A. Joyal}, ``Disks, duality and \\(\\Theta\\)-categories'', unpublished  preprint (1997) \\item[-] \\textit{M. A. Batanin}, Adv. Math. 136, No. 1, 39--103 (1998; Zbl 0912.18006) \\item[-] \\textit{J. C. Baez} and \\textit{J. Dolan}, Adv. Math. 135, No. 2, 145--206 (1998; Zbl 0909.18006) and \\item[] \\textit{C. Hermida}, \\textit{M. Makkai} and \\textit{J. Power}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 154, No. 1--3, 221--246 (2000; Zbl 0971.18005); ibid. 157, No. 2--3, 247--277 (2001; Zbl 0985.18006) and ibid. 166, No. 1--2, 83--104 (2002; Zbl 0992.18005) \\item[-] \\textit{J. Penon}, Cah. Topologie G\u00e9om. Diff\u00e9r. Cat\u00e9goriques 40, No. 1, 31--80 (1999; Zbl 0918.18006) \\item[-] \\textit{Z. Tamsamani}, \\(K\\)-Theory 16, No. 1, 51--99 (1999; Zbl 0934.18008)  and  \\item[]  \\textit{C. Simpson}, Homotopy theory of higher categories. From Segal categories to \\(n\\)-categories and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2012; Zbl 1232.18001) \\item[-] \\textit{T. Trimble,} whose ideas were published first in [\\textit{T. Leinster}, Theory Appl. Categ. 10, 1--70 (2002; Zbl 0987.18007)] \\item[-] \\textit{T. Leinster}, Theory Appl. Categ. 12, 73--194 (2004; Zbl 1065.18006) \\item[-] \\textit{J. Kock}, IMRP, Int. Math. Res. Pap. 2006, No. 1, 54 p. (2006; Zbl 1158.18008) \\end{itemize} proposed different definitions that were motivated by, and applied in different situations. In the research monograph under review not only a basically new variant and its study can be found but also a principally new approach to the subject. This is based on the particularly simple structure of iterated internal categories (that is, \\(n\\)-fold categories). One of the main results of the book is that the new approach is homotopically equivalent to the Tamsamani-Simpson model above.  \\textbf{Presentation.} The book is written in a way providing the reader with great help in navigating its technical complexity. It is signposted by road maps that explain the inter-relations between concepts. It also contains informal discussions which make the ideas accessible and convey the big picture. Geometric representations in dimensions 2 and 3 are given. The book contains a thorough introduction to multisimplicial techniques making it reasonably self-contained.  \\textbf{The new paradigm.} For a clear explanation of the key idea, \\textit{strict \\(n\\)-categories} are revisited first. Strict \\(n\\)-categories are defined iteratively. The category of strict \\(0\\)-categories is \\(0\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}:=\\mathsf{set}\\), the category of sets. For positive integers \\(n\\), the category \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\) of  strict \\(n\\)-categories is is defined as the category of categories enriched in \\((n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\).  Via the fully faithful nerve functor, the category \\(\\mathsf{cat}(\\mathcal V)\\) of internal categories in some category \\(\\mathcal V\\) is embedded into the functor category \\([\\Delta^{\\mathsf{op}}, \\mathcal V]\\) of simplicial objects in \\(\\mathcal V\\) (where \\(\\Delta\\) is the algebraists' simplicial category). A simplicial object \\(\\Delta^{\\mathsf{op}}\\to \\mathcal V\\) belongs to the essential image of \\(\\mathsf{cat}(\\mathcal V)\\) if and only if its higher simplices encode a strictly associative and unital composition. This can be equivalently reformulated by requiring that the Segal maps --- which send \\(k\\)-simplices to the length \\(k\\)-strings of adjacent 1-simplices along their edges --- be isomorphisms for all levels \\(k\\).  The relation between enriched and internal categories in a nice enough category \\(\\mathcal V\\) was studied in [\\textit{A. Ehresmann} and \\textit{C. Ehresmann}, Cah. Topol. G\u00e9om. Diff\u00e9r. 19, 387--443 (1978; Zbl 0415.18006)]. By their findings, \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\) is equivalent to a full subcategory of \\(\\mathsf{cat}((n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat})\\). An internal category \\(X\\) in \\((n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\) belongs to the essential image of \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\) if and only if the object of objects \\(X_0\\) is a discrete \\((n-1)\\)-category.  Iteration of this embedding \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\to \\mathsf{cat} ((n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat})\\) and the nerve functor \\(\\mathsf{cat} ((n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}) \\to [\\Delta^{\\mathsf{op}},(n-1)\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}]\\) yields an embedding \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat} \\to \\mathsf{cat}^n \\to [(\\Delta^{n-1})^{\\mathsf{op}}, \\mathsf{cat}]\\) where \\(\\mathsf{cat}^0=\\mathsf{set}\\) and for all positive integers \\(n\\), \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n=\\mathsf{cat} (\\mathsf{cat}^{n-1})\\) is the iteratively defined category of \\textit{\\(n\\)-fold categories}. The functor category \\([(\\Delta^{n-1})^{\\mathsf{op}}, \\mathsf{cat}]\\) is the category of \\textit{\\((n-1)\\)-simplicial categories}.  Combining the results of the previous two paragraphs, an \\((n-1)\\)-simplicial category \\(X\\) belongs to the essential image of \\(n\\text{-}\\mathsf{cat}\\) if and only if \\begin{itemize} \\item[{(i)}]  \\(X_{k_1\\dots k_r0}\\in [(\\Delta^{n-2-r})^{\\mathsf{op}}, \\mathsf{cat}]\\) is a constant functor taking values in some discrete category, for all \\(0\\leq r \\leq n-2\\) and all \\(k_1\\dots k_r\\in \\Delta^{r}\\), and \\item[{(ii)}] the Segal maps of \\(X\\) are isomorphisms for all levels in all of the \\(n-1\\) directions. \\end{itemize} Condition (i) is termed the \\textit{globularity condition} because it says that certain boundaries of any simplex are trivial; that is, all simplices have a globular shape. Condition (ii) is referred to as the \\textit{Segal condition}. It is equivalent to \\(X\\) being the multinerve of an \\(n\\)-fold category; that is, the composition encoded in \\(X\\) being strictly associative and unital in every direction.  In order to generalize strict \\(n\\)-categories to weak ones, one can naturally weaken the globularity condition (i) or the Segal condition (ii). The second possibility was taken in Tamsamani's above cited work. In a Tamsamani weak \\(n\\)-category, the Segal maps are  allowed to be \\((n-1)\\)-equivalences rather than isomorphisms; but the globularity condition is required in the same form above.  As the groundbreaking new concept in the book under review, a suitable weakening of the globularity condition (i) is proposed. Generalizing discrete categories occurring in the globularity condition, \\textit{homotopically discrete categories} are introduced. A \\textit{weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold category} is defined as an \\(n\\)-fold category \\(X\\) satisfying, among others, the weak globularity condition  \\begin{itemize} \\item[] \\(X_{k_1\\dots k_r0}\\in [(\\Delta^{n-2-r})^{\\mathsf{op}}, \\mathsf{cat}]\\) are constant functors taking values in some homotopically discrete category, for all \\(0\\leq r \\leq n-2\\) and all \\(k_1\\dots k_r\\in \\Delta^{r}\\). \\end{itemize} The requirement that \\(X\\) is an \\(n\\)-fold category means that the Segal condition is still required in the strict sense that the Segal maps  are isomorphisms.  All that is placed in the broader framework of \\textit{weakly globular Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories} where both conditions (i) and (ii) are weakened: the underlying structure only has to be homotopically discrete and the (accordingly modified) Segal maps only need to be \\((n-1)\\)-equivalences. This results in the following picture of subcategories. \\[ \\begin{tikzcd} & n \\text{-} \\mathsf{cat} \\ar[ld, hook] \\ar[rd, hook'] \\\\ \\mathsf{ta}^n \\ar[rd, hook] & & \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}  \\ar[ld, hook'] \\\\ & \\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}  \\end{tikzcd} \\]  The picture is made complete by the comparison of the category \\(\\mathsf{ta}^n\\) of Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories and the category \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) of weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold categories: their localizations with respect to \\(n\\)-equivalences are proven to be equivalent. That is to say, from a homotopy theoretical point of view, Tamsamani's weak \\(n\\)-categories and Paoli's weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold categories offer equivalent approaches. Consequently, the homotopy hypothesis holds: localization with respect to \\(n\\)-equivalences of the full subcategory of groupoidal objects in \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) is equivalent to the category of homotopy \\(n\\)-types.  \\textbf{Homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold categories.} The novel approach in the reviewed work is based on the replacement of discrete categories in the globularity condition (i) above with a suitable generalization named \\textit{homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold categories}.  For \\(n=0\\), \\(\\mathsf{cat}^0_{\\mathsf{hd}}:=\\mathsf{set}\\) and for all positive integers \\(n\\), the full subcategory \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{hd}}\\subseteq \\mathsf{cat}^n\\) of homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold categories is defined iteratively. Namely, an \\(n\\)-fold category is homotopically discrete if  \\begin{itemize} \\item[-] its multinerve \\((\\Delta^n)^{\\mathsf{op}}\\to \\mathsf{set}\\) is, at each level, the nerve  of a groupoid without non-trivial loops (that is, of an equivalence relation), and \\item[-] \\((n-1)\\)-truncation turns it to a homotopically discrete \\((n-1)\\)-fold category. \\end{itemize} Homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold categories can be seen as iterated internal equivalence relations.  In particular, \\(\\mathsf{cat}^1_{\\mathsf{hd}}\\) is the category of equivalence relations; that is, the category of groupoids without non-trivial loops.   Every homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold category comes together with its discretized version and a higher categorical equivalence --- the discretization map --- between them. Groupoidal homotopically discrete \\(n\\)-fold categories represent 0-types.  \\textbf{Weakly globular Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories.} They are defined iteratively as simplicial objects in the category of weakly globular Tamsamani \\((n-1)\\)-categories with two additional properties: \\begin{itemize} \\item[{(i')}] \\(X_0\\) is a homotopically discrete \\((n-1)\\)-fold category and \\item[{(ii')}] the (modified) Segal maps are \\((n-1)\\)-equivalences. \\end{itemize} In order to see that the modified Segal maps are well-defined, some closedness properties of the category \\(\\mathsf{ta}^{n}_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) of weakly globular Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories are verified also using closedness properties of \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{hd}}\\). The \\(n\\)-equivalences in \\(\\mathsf{ta}^{n}_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) are identified; they are the higher dimensional analogue of a fully faithful functor which is essentially surjective on the objects.  \\textit{Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories} are re-obtained as weakly globular Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories satisfying the globularity condition in the strict form (i). Under this condition the modified Segal maps reduce to the original Segal maps of (ii).  \\textbf{Weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold categories.} They are weakly globular Tamsamani \\(n\\)-categories whose \\(r\\)-truncation is an \\(r\\)-fold category for all \\(r\\leq n\\). This definition leads to a more explicit characterization: an \\(n\\)-fold category is weakly globular if and only if the following iteratively formulated conditions hold for its nerve \\(X:\\Delta^{\\mathsf{op}} \\to \\mathsf{cat}^{n-1}\\). \\begin{itemize} \\item[-] \\(X_0\\) is a homotopically discrete \\((n-1)\\)-fold category, \\item[-] for all positive integers \\(k\\), \\(X_k\\) is a weakly globular \\((n-1)\\)-fold category, \\item[-] the original and the modified Segal maps differ by \\((n-1)\\)-equivalences and \\item[-] the \\((n-1)\\)-truncation of \\(X\\) gives a weakly globular \\((n-1)\\)-fold category. \\end{itemize}  \\textbf{Mutually inverse equivalences and the homotopy hypothesis.} First a functor \\(Q_n:\\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\to \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) is constructed, together with a natural transformation from  \\( \\begin{tikzcd} \\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\ar[r, \"Q_n\"] & \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\ar[r, hook] & \\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\end{tikzcd} \\) to the identity functor, whose components are \\(n\\)-equivalences.  This functor \\(Q_n\\) arises as a composite of three ingredients. An `approximation up-to \\(n\\)-equivalence' functor is constructed from \\(\\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) to a suitable subcategory of \\(\\mathsf{ta}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\); chosen in such a way that it admits a `transport of structure' functor to the category \\(\\mathsf{segps}[(\\Delta^{n-1})^{\\mathsf{op}} ,\\mathsf{cat}]\\) of Segalic pseudofunctors \\((\\Delta^{n-1})^{\\mathsf{op}} \\to \\mathsf{cat}\\). Segalic pseudofunctors are distinguished pseudofunctors with additional discreteness properties which allow the Segal maps to exist, for which these Segal maps are isos, and which allow for a `strictification functor' \\(\\mathsf{segps}[(\\Delta^{n-1})^{\\mathsf{op}} ,\\mathsf{cat}] \\to \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) built using the classical strictification machinery of [\\textit{A. J. Power}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 57, No. 2, 165--173 (1989; Zbl 0668.18010)]. The functor \\(Q_n\\)  restricts to the \\textit{rigidification functor} \\(\\mathsf{ta}^n \\to \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\). When \\(n=2\\), this functor was already constructed in  [\\textit{S. Paoli} and \\textit{D. Pronk}, Theory Appl. Categ. 28, 933--980 (2013; Zbl 1278.18006)]. However, the \\(n>2\\) case requires substantially new ideas and constructions which first appear here.  In the opposite direction, the \\textit{discretization functor} \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\to \\mathsf{ta}^n\\) is constructed as a composite of two functors. Certain `approximation up-to equivalence' functors \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\to \\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) are defined iteratively. They induce a functor from \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) to its full subcategory \\(\\mathsf{fcat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\) whose objects have homotopically discrete substructures with functorial sections of the discretization maps. This functoriality requirement makes it possible to define a `discretization functor' \\(\\mathsf{fcat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}} \\to \\mathsf{ta}^n\\).  After localization with respect to \\(n\\)-equivalences, the rigidification and the discretization functors above induce an equivalence \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}/\\!\\!\\sim_n \\,\\simeq \\mathsf{ta}^n /\\!\\!\\sim_n\\).  Since the homotopy hypothesis holds for Tamsamani weak \\(n\\)-categories, the above equivalence implies that it also holds for weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold categories. That is, after localization with respect to \\(n\\)-equivalences, the full subcategory of groupoidal weakly globular \\(n\\)-fold categories becomes equivalent to the category of homotopy \\(n\\)-types. It is shown that this equivalence can be realized using the particularly simple an explicit fundamental \\(n\\)-groupoid functor of [\\textit{D. Blanc} and \\textit{S. Paoli} Algebr. Geom. Topol. 14, No. 6, 3419--3491 (2014; Zbl 1311.55025)].  \\textbf{Future applications.} The following future applications of the theory, developed here, are envisaged. \\begin{itemize} \\item[-] An algebraic understanding of \\(k\\)-invariants in Postnikov systems. \\item[-] Construction of a Quillen model structure on \\(\\mathsf{cat}^n_{\\mathsf{wg}}\\). \\item[-] A tool to compare some of the notions of weak \\(n\\)-category listed above. \\item[-] Formulation of semistrict \\(n\\)-categories and a proof of the `weak units conjecture' in  [\\textit{C. Simpson}, ``Homotopy types of strict 3-groupoids'', Preprint, \\url{arXiv:math/9810059}]. \\item[-] Extension to a study of \\((\\infty,n)\\)-categories. 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